Kaddish

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The Kaddish , in square script קדיש ( Aramaic 'holy' or 'sanctification'), is one of the most important prayers in Judaism . It is a prayer of sanctification and developed in the centuries after the turn of the times , with the original core expanding and its liturgical use changing over the centuries. The oldest versions to be read can be found in Geniza fragments that cannot be assigned to a specific work. A version of the prayer in a Siddur of the Amram Gaon (around 900) is based on an AshkenaziEditing that does not correspond to any of the older versions. Unlike almost all other Jewish prayers, its language is not only Hebrew but also Aramaic .

Prayer is essentially praise to God. Although associations with death and grief have evolved over time, these terms do not appear in prayer themselves. The most important thoughts of the Kaddish prayer can also be found in the Our Father ascribed to Jesus of Nazareth in the New Testament .

Text of the Kaddish

Text of the Kaddish - נוסח הקדיש
# Aramaic text transcription German translation
1 יִתְגַּדַּל וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא. yit̠gaddal wǝyit̠qaddaš šǝmēh rabbā ' Elevated and hallowed be his great name
2 בְּעָלְמָא דִּי בְרָא כִרְעוּתֵהּ bǝ‛ālmā 'dî b̠ǝrā' k̠ir‛ût̠ēh on the world that was created by him according to his will
3 וְיַמְלִיךְ מַלְכוּתֵהּ wǝyamlîk̠ malk̠ût̠ēh ascend his kingdom
4th בְּחַיֵּיכוֹן וּבְיוֹמֵיכוֹן וּבְחַיֵּי דְכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל, bǝḥayyēyk̠ôn ûb̠yômēyk̠ôn ûb̠ḥayyēy d̠ǝk̠ol bēyt̠ yiśrā'ēl in your life in your days and in the life of all the house of Israel,
5 בַּעֲגָלָא וּבִזְמַן קָרִיב וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן. ba‛ăḡālā 'ûb̠izman qārib̠ wǝ'imrû' āmēn quickly and in the near future, say: Amen!
6th יְהֵא שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ לְעָלַם וּלְעָלְמֵי עָלְמַיָּא יִתְבָּרַךְ yǝhē 'šǝmēh rabbā' mǝb̠ārak̠ lǝ‛ālam ûlǝ‛ālǝmēy ‛ālǝmayā 'yit̠bārak̠ His great name be praised forever and ever and ever.
7th וְיִשְׁתַּבַּח וְיִתְפָּאֵר וְיִתְרוֹמֵם wǝyištabaḥ wǝyit̠pa'ēr wǝyit̠rômēm Praised and praised, glorified,
8th וְיִתְנַשֵּׂא וְיִתְהַדָּר וְיִתְעַלֶּה וְיִתְהַלָּל wǝyit̠naśśē 'wǝyit̠haddār wǝyit̠‛alleh wǝyit̠hallāl raised, elevated, celebrated,
9 שְׁמֵהּ דְּקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא šǝmeh dǝqudšā 'bǝrîk̠ hûh exalted and praised be the name of the saint,
10 לְעֵלָּא מִן כָּל בִּרְכָתָא שִׁירָתָא תֻּשְׁבְּחָתָא lǝ‛ēllā 'min kol birk̠āt̠ā' šîrāt̠̠ā 'tušbǝḥat̠ā' be praised, high above all praise and song,
11 וְנֶחָמָתָא דַּאֲמִירָן בְּעָלְמָא וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן. wǝneḥāmāt̠ā 'da'ămîrān bǝ‛ālmā' wǝ'imrû 'āmēn to every glorification and promise of consolation that has ever been spoken in the world say: Amen!
12 לְעֵלָּא מִן כָּל בִּרְכָתָא שִׁירָתָא תֻּשְׁבְּחָתָא lǝ‛ēllā 'min kol birk̠āt̠ā' šîrāt̠̠ā 'tušbǝḥat̠ā' be praised, high above all praise and song,
13 וְנֶחָמָתָא דַּאֲמִירָן בְּעָלְמָא וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן. wǝneḥāmāt̠ā 'da'ămîrān bǝ‛ālmā' wǝ'imrû 'āmēn to every glorification and promise of consolation that has ever been spoken in the world say: Amen!
Up to here: "Half Kaddish" (Original Kaddish) עד כאן חצי קדיש
The traditional / accepted additional (Musaf) prayer follows:
14th לפי מרבית קהילות הספרדים :

תִּתְקַבַּל צְלוֹתָנָא וּבָעוּתָנָא עִם צְלוֹתְהוֹן וּבָעוּתְהוֹן דְּכָל-בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל, קֳדָם אֲבוּנָא דְבִשְׁמַיָּא (וְאַרְעָא), וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן.

According to most Sephardic communities :
תִּתְקַבַּל צְלוֹתְכוֹן וּצְלוֹתְהוֹן וּבָעוּתְהוֹן דְּכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל קֳדָם אֲבוּנָא דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא According to the Yemeni Jews ( Yemen baladi ):
לפי יתר הנוסחים:

תִּתְקַבַּל צְלוֹתְהוֹן וּבָעוּתְהוֹן דְּכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל קֳדָם אֲבוּהוֹן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן.

According to other sources
"Kaddish after graduation" (= Kaddish of the rabbis / Kaddish de-Rabbanan)
15th עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַל רַבָּנָן וְעַל תַּלְמִידֵיהוֹן וְעַל כָּל תַּלְמִידֵי תַלְמִידֵיהוֹן. Israel, the teachers, their students, all the students of their students
16 וְעַל כָּל מָאן דְּעָסְקִין בְּאוֹרַיְתָא Ashkenazi and Sephardic source:
and all those who study the Torah,
דְּיָתְבִין דְּעָסְקִין בְּאוֹרַיְתָא קַדִּשְׁתָּא Italian source
דְּעָסְקִין בְּאוֹרַיְתָא קַדִּשְׁתָּא Source of the Sephardi
דְּעָסְקִין בְּאוֹרַיְתָא Yemen baladi:
17th דִּי בְאַתְרָא הָדֵין וְדִי בְכָל אָתָר וְאָתָר, ... in this holy place and in every other place.
18th יְהֵא לָנָא וּלְהוֹן וּלְכוֹן You be
19th שְׁלָמָא רַבָּא Abundance of peace,
20th חִנָּא וְחִסְדָּא וְרַחֲמֵי Favor, grace, mercy,
21st וְחַיֵּי אֲרִיכֵי וּמְזוֹנֵי רְוִיחֵי וּפֻרְקָנָא The Ashkenazi Jews add: long life, abundant livelihood and salvation
22nd מִן קֳדָם אֱלָהָנָא מָארֵי שְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא Italian source:
before her Father in heaven and on earth,
מִן קֳדָם מָארֵי שְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא Sephardic sources:
מִן קֳדָם אֲבוּהוֹן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא Ashkenazi and Sephardic source:
מִן קֳדָם אֲבוּנָא דְּבִשְׁמַיָא Yemen baladi:
23 וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן. say: Amen!
מכאן ואילך מוסיפים בכל סוגי הקדיש למעט חצי קדיש |
24 יְהֵא שְׁלָמָא רַבָּא מִן שְׁמַיָּא Abundance of peace from heaven
25th וְחַיִּים עָלֵינוּ וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל Ashkenazi spring
and life may come to us and all of Israel,
וְחַיִּים טוֹבִים עָלֵינוּ וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל Italian source
חַיִּים וְשָׁבָע וִישׁוּעָה וְנֶחָמָה וְשֵׁיזָבָא וּרְפוּאָה וּגְאֻלָּה וּסְלִיחָה וְכַפָּרָה וְרֵוַח וְהַצָּלָה לנו לָנוּ וּלְכָל עַמּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל Sephardic spring
וְסִיַּעְתָּא וּפֻרְקָנָא וּרְוַחָא וְחִנָּא וְחִסְדָּא וְרַחֲמֵי עֲלֵיכוֹן וַעֲלַנָא וְעַל כָּל קְהָלְהוֹן דְּכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל לְחַיִּים וּלְשָׁלוֹם Yemen baladi
26th וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן. say: Amen!
27 עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו הוּא בְּרַחֲמָיו יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם Peace makes in his heavenly heights, he makes peace
28 עָלֵינוּ וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל among us and all Israel,
29 וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן. Most versions end with: speak: Amen!
וִינַחֲמֵנוּ בְּצִיוֹן וְיִבְנֶה בְּרַחֲמָיו אֶת יְרוּשָׁלָיִם בְּחַיֵּינוּ וּבְיָמֵינוּ בְּקָרוֹב אָמֵן וְאָמֵן. Yemen baladi:

use

Kaddish in Jerusalem to commemorate the dead at the grave

According to some statements, the kaddish should be recited ten times a day. It also has a traditional place in daily prayers and in church services. Here it marks the transitions between the most important sections of the service .

The kaddish is also spoken to commemorate the dead and at the grave (jitkale harba). Following a death in the immediate family, it is spoken daily by the (closest male) relative for eleven months. It is spoken again on the anniversary of a death. (This ends this form of ritualized mourning.)

A special feature of Kaddish is that it may only be spoken when a minyan (i.e. ten adult Jews) is present. At certain passages of the Kaddish, these answer with “wǝ'imrû 'āmēn” (so speak: amen ), with “yǝhē' schǝmēh rabbā 'mǝb̠ā' mǝb̠ārak̠ lǝ‛ālam ûlǝ‛ālǝmayā '” (His great name be praised for eternity and all Times) as well as with "bǝrîk̠ hûh" (be praised).

Frames

There are different Kaddish versions of the liturgical or orphan prayer of the sons, depending on the purpose.

Half the kaddish

The “half kaddish” ( Chatzi Kaddish ) is actually the kaddish without any addition; it is the original Kaddish (serves to subdivide the divine service or to connect between its liturgical complexes).

The whole kaddish

The original Kaddish with the addition: “May the prayer and petition of all Israel be heard before his Father in Heaven, say: Amen! May fullness of peace and life come down from heaven to us and to all Israel, say: Amen! Peace makes in its heavenly heights, make peace among us and all Israel, say: Amen! "

The "kaddish of the orphans"

The "Kaddish of the orphans" ( Kaddish jatom ) is also called "Kaddish of those who suffer " ( Awelim-Kaddish ). When a Jew dies, a void is created among those who obey the commandments. According to Jewish belief, the soul of the deceased ascends to God when his son or another relative takes his place and takes on his duties. This is why an orphan says the kaddish. That is the meaning of the expression "Kaddish of the orphans". Whoever speaks the Kaddish - first at the funeral of one of the "seven close relatives" (father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter or wife) - repeats it in the eleven months after the death of the person concerned. The mourner speaks the kaddish of the orphans, i.e. H. the whole Kaddish except for the sentence "May the prayer be answered ...", which only the prayer leader says at the end of each prayer. The orphans' kaddish is used in many places.

The "kaddish after graduation"

The “Kaddish after graduation” is also called “Kaddish of the Rabbis” ( Kaddish de-Rabbanan ). This kaddish is spoken after studying any section of the oral law (Mishnah, Baraita, Talmud). It is the usual kaddish, only extended by a special prayer for the good of all who study the Torah. This addition, to which the Kaddish owes its name “Kaddish after the study”, reads: “Israel, the teachers, their disciples, all disciples of their disciples and all who study the Torah ... in this holy place and on any other place. To them be fullness of peace, favor, grace, mercy, long life, ample livelihood and redemption before their Father in heaven and on earth, say: Amen! "

Settings

There are numerous settings of the kaddish, from a simple parlando to solemn solo compositions for the prayer leader . Salamone Rossi composed two versions of the Kaddish in his Song of Solomon collection , each for three and five-part choirs. The Italian baroque composer Benedetto Marcello notes in his Estro poetico-armonico a happy dance version of the Kaddish at the end of the Sabbath prayer . Maurice Ravel took the Kaddisch as No. 1 in his Deux mélodies hébraiques (1914 for voice with harp or piano, orchestrated 1919/20). Leonard Bernstein entitled his 3rd Symphony (premiered in Tel Aviv in 1963) "Kaddish". In this symphony the kaddish is recited several times in sung form.

See also

  • Kaddish shalem (Aramaic קָדִישׁ תִּתְקַבַּל; Hebrew קַדִּישׁ שָׁלֵם; whole Kaddish), Aramaic prayer in Jewish worship
  • Kaddisch for a friend , German feature film from 2012
  • Kaddis for an unborn child (Kaddis a meg nem született gyermekért), novel by Imre Kertész from 1990
  • Kria

literature

  • David De Sola Pool: The Old Aramaic Prayer - The Kaddish. Rudolf Haupt, Leipzig 1909.
  • Andreas Lehnardt : Qaddish. Investigations into the origin and reception of a rabbinical prayer. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2002, ISBN 3161477235 .
  • Andreas Lehnardt: The story of the Kaddisch prayer. In: W. Homolka (Ed.): Liturgy as theology. Frank & Timme, Berlin 2005, pp. 30-46, ISBN 9783865960085 .
  • Andreas Lehnardt: The Qaddish yitkele harba versions and their relationship to the biblical text. In: A. Kuyt / G. Necker (eds.): Orient als Grenzbereich? Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 2007, pp. 51-65, ISBN 978-3-447-05478-2 .
  • Israel Ta-Shema: Some Notes on the Origins of the Kaddish. In: Tarbiz 53 (1984/85), 559-568, ISSN  0334-3650 .
  • Leon Wieseltier : Kaddish. Hanser, Munich 2000, ISBN 3446199446 ( review ).

Web links

Commons : Kaddish  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Kaddish  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations