Khmer script
If characters are not displayed correctly in the following, this is due to the character set , see the section Khmer in Unicode and Help with display problems . |
Khmer script | ||
---|---|---|
Font | Abugida | |
languages | Khmer language | |
Emergence | 6th century | |
Usage time | since the 7th century | |
Used in | Cambodia , Vietnam , Thailand | |
Officially in | Cambodia | |
ancestry |
Brahmi script → Grantha script → Khmer script |
|
Derived |
Thai script Laotian script |
|
relative |
Mon font Kawi font |
|
Unicode block | U + 1780 to U + 17FF | |
ISO 15924 | Khmr | |
២០១៦
|
(2016 as a khmeric number) |
The Khmer script ( អក្សរខ្មែរ Âksâr Khmêr; also Cambodian script ) is a script derived from the Indian scripts in which the Khmer language , the language of the Cambodian Khmer people , is written. The earliest written documents date from the 6th to 7th centuries AD. The script uses 33 consonants, 24 vowels and 14 initial vowels.
Consonants
The Khmer alphabet has 35 consonant letters, two of which are no longer used (here in red). For sequences of several consonants special forms of the consonant letters are used, the cheung âksâr ( ជើង អ័ក្ស រ , "letter feet "). These trailing forms are under the first consonant. All consonants except lâ ឡ have such forms.
The consonant letters are divided into a â-group and a ô-group, depending on the vowel with which the letter is pronounced. These two groups affect the pronunciation of the vowel signs and thus make it possible to write the many vowels and diphthongs of Khmer with the available character set.
group | Beginning | adjusted | Surname | pronunciation | Unicode name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
before vowel | first of several consonants | End of syllable | |||||
Velare | ក | ◌ ្ក | kâ | k | k | k | KHMER LETTER KA |
ខ | ◌ ្ខ | khâ | kh | k | k | KHMER LETTER KHA | |
គ | ◌ ្គ | kô | k | k | k | KHMER LETTER KO | |
ឃ | ◌ ្ឃ | khô | kh | k | k | KHMER LETTER KHO | |
ង | ◌ ្ង | ngô | ŋ | - | ŋ | KHMER LETTER NGO | |
Palatal | ច | ◌ ្ច | châ | c | c | c | KHMER LETTER APPROX |
ឆ | ◌ ្ឆ | CH Ha | c | c | - | KHMER LETTER CHA | |
ជ | ◌ ្ជ | chô | c | c | c | KHMER LETTER CO | |
ឈ | ◌ ្ឈ | chhô | ch | c | - | KHMER LETTER CHO | |
ញ | ◌ ្ញ (ញ្ញ) | nhô | ɲ | - | ɲ | KHMER LETTER NYO | |
"Retroflexe" | ដ | ◌ ្ដ | there | ɗ | ɗ | t | KHMER LETTER DA |
ឋ | ◌ ្ឋ | thâ | th | t | t | KHMER LETTER TTHA | |
ឌ | ◌ ្ឌ | do | d | - | t | KHMER LETTER DO | |
ឍ | ◌ ្ឍ | thô | th | - | t | KHMER LETTER TTHO | |
ណ | ◌ ្ណ | n / A | n | n | n | KHMER LETTER NNO | |
Dental | ត | ◌ ្ត | tâ | t | t | t | KHMER LETTER TA |
ថ | ◌ ្ថ | thâ | th | t | t | KHMER LETTER THA | |
ទ | ◌ ្ទ | tô | t | t | t | KHMER LETTER TO | |
ធ | ◌ ្ធ | thô | th | t | t | KHMER LETTER THO | |
ន | ◌ ្ន | nô | n | - | n | KHMER LETTER NO | |
Labials | ប | ◌ ្ប | bâ | b | p | p | KHMER LETTER BA |
ផ | ◌ ្ផ | phâ | ph | p | p | KHMER LETTER PHA | |
ព | ◌ ្ព | pô | p | p | p | KHMER LETTER PO | |
ភ | ◌ ្ភ | phô | ph | p | p | KHMER LETTER PHO | |
ម | ◌ ្ម | mô | m | m | m | KHMER LETTER MO | |
Further | យ | ◌ ្យ | yô | j | - | j | KHMER LETTER YO |
រ | ្រ ◌ | rô | ɽ | - | (ɽ) | KHMER LETTER RO | |
ល | ◌ ្ល | lô | l | l | l | KHMER LETTER LO | |
វ | ◌ ្វ | vô | v | - | v | KHMER LETTER VO | |
ឝ | ◌ ្ឝ | shâ | since the middle of the 17th century no longer in use | KHMER LETTER SHA | |||
ឞ | ◌ ្ឞ | ssâ | since the middle of the 17th century no longer in use | KHMER LETTER SSO | |||
ស | ◌ ្ស | sâ | s | s | H | KHMER LETTER SA | |
ហ | ◌ ្ហ | Ha | H | (H) | - | KHMER LETTER HA | |
ឡ | - | lâ | l | - | - | KHMER LETTER LA | |
អ | ◌ ្អ | 'â | ʔ | ʔ | - | KHMER LETTER QA |
The consonants referred to as “ retroflexes ” in the table are pronounced as dentals in Cambodian today .
Spelling of consonants in foreign words
Consonants that only appear in foreign words recently borrowed from Western languages are represented by special character combinations.
consonant | transcription |
---|---|
ហ្គ | gâ |
ហ៊្គ | gô |
ហ្វ | fâ (wâ) |
ហ៊្វ | fô (wô) |
ហ្ស | žâ |
ហ៊្ស | žô |
Vowels
The Khmer alphabet has 23 diacritical vowel marks ( Khmer ស្រៈនិស្ស័យ srăk nissăy or Khmer ស្រៈផ្សំ srăk phsâm , "dependent vowels") that can be connected with consonants. The pronunciation of the vowel signs depends on whether they are connected with a consonant of the â group or with one of the ô group.
There are also vowel letters ( Khmer ស្រៈពេញតួ srăk penhtuŏ , “independent vowels”) that can be written without a preceding consonant.
Dependent vowels
Letter | transcription | pronunciation | Unicode name | ||
â group | ô group | â group | ô group | ||
◌ ា | a | éa | aː | iːə | KHMER VOWEL SIGN AA |
◌ ិ | ĕ | ĭ | e | i | KHMER VOWEL SIGN I |
◌ ី | egg | i | əj | iː | KHMER VOWEL SIGN II |
◌ ឹ | ŏe | ə | ɨ | KHMER VOWEL SIGN Y | |
◌ ឺ | œ | əːɨ | ɨː | KHMER VOWEL SIGN YY | |
◌ ុ | O | ŭ | O | u | KHMER VOWEL SIGN U |
◌ ូ | O | u | oːu | uː | KHMER VOWEL SIGN UU |
◌ ួ | uŏ | uːə | KHMER VOWEL SIGN UA | ||
ើ | aeu | eu | aːə | əː | KHMER VOWEL SIGN OE |
ឿ | eua | ɨːə | KHMER VOWEL SIGN YA | ||
ៀ | iĕ | iːə | KHMER VOWEL SIGN IE | ||
េ ◌ | é | egg | eː | KHMER VOWEL SIGN E. | |
ែ ◌ | ê | aːe | eː | KHMER VOWEL SIGN AE | |
ៃ ◌ | ai | ey | aj | ɨj | KHMER VOWEL SIGN AI |
ោ | aô | oŭ | aːo | O | KHMER VOWEL SIGN OO |
ៅ | ouch | ŏu | aw | ɨw | KHMER VOWEL SIGN AU |
◌ ុំ | om | around | om | around | KHMER VOWEL SIGN U + KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT |
◌ ំ | at the | around | ɑm | around | KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT |
◌ ាំ | at the | ŏâm | at the | oəm | KHMER VOWEL SIGN AA + KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT |
◌ ះ | Ah | eăh | Ah | eəh | KHMER SIGN REAHMUK |
◌ ុះ | Oh | ŭh | Oh | uh | KHMER VOWEL SIGN U + KHMER SIGN REAHMUK |
េ ◌ ះ | éh | eh | ih | KHMER VOWEL SIGN E + KHMER SIGN REAHMUK |
|
ោះ | aôh | ŏăh | ɑh | uəh | KHMER VOWEL SIGN OO + KHMER SIGN REAHMUK |
Independent vowels
vocal | Correspondence | transcription | Unicode name |
---|---|---|---|
ឥ | អិ | ĕ | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QI |
ឦ | អី | egg | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QII |
ឧ | អុ | O | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QU |
ឨ | អ៊ុ | ŭ | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUK |
ឪ | អូ វ | ov | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUUV |
ឩ | អូ | O | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUU |
ឯ | អេ, អែ | é, ê | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QE |
ឰ | អៃ | ai | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAI |
ឱ / ឲ | អោ | oŭ | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO |
ឳ | អៅ | ouch | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAU |
Special vowel marks
vocal | Correspondence | transcription | Unicode name |
---|---|---|---|
ឫ | រឹ | rŏe | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RY |
ឬ | រឺ | rœ | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RYY |
ឭ | លឹ | lŏe | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LY |
ឮ | លឺ | lœ | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LYY |
Digits
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
character | ០ | ១ | ២ | ៣ | ៤ | ៥ | ៦ | ៧ | ៨ | ៩ | ១០ |
Surname | son | Muay | pi | At | Buan | Pram | Pram-muy | Pram-pi | Pram-at | Pram-buan | Dob |
11 | 12 | 13 | 14th | 15th | 16 | 17th | 18th | 19th | 20th | ... | |
character | ១១ | ១២ | ១៣ | ១៤ | ១៥ | ១៦ | ១៧ | ១៨ | ១៩ | ២០ | ... |
Surname | Dob muay | Dob-Pi | Dob-Bei | Dob-Buan | Dob-Pram | Dob-Pram-Muy | Dob-Pram-Pi | Dob-Pram-Bei | Dob-Pram-Buan | Mepey | ... |
Khmer in Unicode
ÂkkhârâKrôm Khémâra Phéasa អក្ខរក្រម ខេមរភាសា - Alphabet of the Khmer language
The Khmer Unicode block is U + 1780… U + 17FF. There is also a Unicode block of Khmer symbols for the Cambodian lunar calendar in U + 19E0… U + 19FF.
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | A. | B. | C. | D. | E. | F. | |
1780 | ក | ខ | គ | ឃ | ង | ច | ឆ | ជ | ឈ | ញ | ដ | ឋ | ឌ | ឍ | ណ | ត |
1790 | ថ | ទ | ធ | ន | ប | ផ | ព | ភ | ម | យ | រ | ល | វ | ឝ | ឞ | ស |
17A0 | ហ | ឡ | អ | ឣ | ឤ | ឥ | ឦ | ឧ | ឨ | ឩ | ឪ | ឫ | ឬ | ឭ | ឮ | ឯ |
17B0 | ឰ | ឱ | ឲ | ឳ | ឴ | ឵ | ា | ិ | ី | ឹ | ឺ | ុ | ូ | ួ | ើ | ឿ |
17C0 | ៀ | េ | ែ | ៃ | ោ | ៅ | ំ | ះ | ៈ | ៉ | ៊ | ់ | ៌ | ៍ | ៎ | ៏ |
17D0 | ័ | ៑ | ្ | ៓ | ។ | ៕ | ៖ | ៗ | ៘ | ៙ | ៚ | ៛ | ៜ | ៝ | ||
17E0 | ០ | ១ | ២ | ៣ | ៤ | ៥ | ៦ | ៧ | ៨ | ៩ | ||||||
17F0 | ៰ | ៱ | ៲ | ៳ | ៴ | ៵ | ៶ | ៷ | ៸ | ៹ |
Code2000 is a Unicode font that includes Khmer characters.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Franklin E. Huffman: Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader . Yale Univ. Pr. New Haven, London 1970
- ^ Franklin E. Huffman: Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader . Yale Univ. Pr. New Haven, London 1970.
- ↑ When pronouncing the ô group, Huffman writes a shortened form ( breve ) over the diphthongs of oəm, eəh, uəh.