Indian writing circle

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Indian states and some neighboring countries, each in regional font
Writing regions of the world

The Indian scriptures are the descendants of the Brahmi script . They are often referred to as "Indian scriptures", although some of them are native to outside India.

South Asia and the adjoining Southeast Asia (including Indonesia ) to the east are the region of the world in which most of the different scripts are used today. This is especially true for the Indian subcontinent with the countries Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan and Sri Lanka .

In India and other South Asian countries, the following Indian scripts, among others, are used: Bengali script , Devanagari , Gujarati script , Gurmukhi script , Kannada script , Malayalam script , Oriya script , Sinhala script , Tamil script and Telugu script . Outside the Indian subcontinent, for example, the Balinese script, the Burmese (Myanmar) script, the Khmer script , the Laotian script, the Thai script and the Tibetan script are used.

Demarcation

In the distribution area of ​​the Indian writing circle, fonts from the following groups occur:

While the Brahmi descendants as well as Ol Chiki and Thaana are autochthonous, the Arabic and Latin scripts are imported.

genealogy

The descendants of the Brahmi script according to the main article Genealogy of the Proto-Semitic-derived alphabets (for representation, see the notes there ):

Brahmi script - approx. 250 BC BC (India, Sri Lanka)

Text examples

The variety of forms in Indian scripts becomes particularly clear when one and the same sentence (here a Sanskrit sentence) is reproduced in different scripts:

The sentence "Tall trees grow on the streets" in various Indian scripts

Written tradition

The Indian climate is not conducive to the preservation of ancient writings and texts; So the typical writing materials, palm leaves and tree bark remain only a few years before they decay. Therefore mainly writings on coins, rocks and buildings have come down to us; the oldest manuscripts do not begin until the 11th century AD. Traditionally, the written tradition applies in India compared to the oral than the less secure .

The writing materials used have partly influenced the shape of the characters.

particularities

The Indian scripts are clockwise and are not case-sensitive.

All Indian scripts belong (together with a few others, for example the Ethiopian script ) to a font that stands between syllabary scripts and alphabet scripts:

  • Vowels are only written in full as the syllable. After the consonant there are only vowel diacritics . However, their use is mandatory (in contrast to consonant scripts such as Arabic and Hebrew ).
  • The “short a” is not written after the consonant (zero graph, also known as the “inherent vowel”).
  • Instead, the lack of vowels in a consonant is indicated by an additional diacritic (called “Virama” or “Halant”). In some of the New Indian languages ​​(such as Hindi and Bengali ), Halant is not used consistently. In Panjabi Halant comes not before, so as not to recognize whether an "a" is to speak after a consonant or not.
  • Successive consonants without vowels are usually pulled together to form ligatures .

The names for these fonts are not uniform. Often the term syllabary is simply chosen, but this does not only include this special type; more recent coins are Abugida and "Alphasyllabar".

Transliteration of Indian scripts

The oldest Sanskrit texts were initially passed on orally. It was only in the early 400 - v 300th Chr. Were Kharoshti and Brahmi developed for the spoken word presentation. Although these were suitable for the representation of the Middle Indian (MIA), they were not sufficient for the phonetic representation of the classical Sanskrit and were later modified in this regard. Although Sanskrit can and is represented in all descendants of the Brahmi script, Devanagari has established itself as the written form for the representation of Sanskrit. 19th century linguists have Sanskrit reproduced in Devanagari. The editio princeps des Rigveda published by Friedrich Max Müller was in Devanagari, an act at the time, as the typographers first had to produce the typesetting.

Sanskrit text written in different scripts: "May Shiva bless whoever pleases the language of the gods." ( Kalidasa ).

From that time on, philologists saw the need to represent Sanskrit with Latin letters. In 1816 Franz Bopp developed a first transliteration scheme in which the vowel length was represented by a circumflex (â, î, û) and the aspiration by a spiritus asper (e.g. bʽ). The sibilants ṣ and ​​ś were represented by spiritus asper and lenis (sʽ, sʼ). Monier-Williams used ṡ and sh for ś and ṣ in his dictionary published in 1899. Theodor Aufrecht published the Rigveda in Latinized Sanskrit in his 1877 edition. Arthur Anthony Macdonell also got by without Devanagari in his Grammar of Vedic (1917). Contemporary specialist publications use IAST and NLAC for transliteration .

Schemes using diacritics

IAST

The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is the most common academic standard for the representation of Sanskrit in Latin letters.

NLAC

The National Library at Calcutta (NLAC) has developed a transliteration standard based on the IAST that applies to all Indian scripts - not just Sanskrit.

ISO 15919

ISA 15919 is a transliteration standard for all languages ​​in South Asia. IAST and NLAC are subsets of ISO 159191/2001. ISO 15919 defines the Latin representation in Unicode.

ISO 15919 transliterations are platform-independent and can therefore be displayed identically on all operating systems. ISO 15919 uses diacritics to represent graphemes from the Brahmi scriptures

ASCII schemes without diacritics

ASCII transliteration can often be found on the Internet. All ASCII schemes are unofficial translational conventions.

Harvard Kyoto

The Harvard-Kyoto scheme is a transliteration system that uses ASCII to represent Indian scripts such as Devanagari. It does not use diacritics and is not used in an academic setting. Most common area of ​​application: e-mail and the Internet.

ITRANS

The "Indian languages ​​TRANSliteration" (ITRANS) is also an ASCII scheme for Indian scripts (such as Devanāgarī ). It was developed by Avinash Chopde. It is more extensive than Harvard-Kyoto, with which it is largely identical. The spread of Unicode, like other ASCII schemes, makes it obsolete, but it is still widely used on the Internet. Tables see International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration .

Comparison tables

This section is still missing the following important information:
Tables are missing, see en: Harvard-Kyoto and en: ITRANS
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Alphabetical order

The alphabetical order of the characters is strictly phonetically and essentially the same for all languages. This systematic representation testifies to the excellent linguistic abilities of the "ancient Indians", who recognized the phonetics and phonology of their language more than 2300 years ago and described them systematically.

The alphabetical arrangement of Indian scripts is first described here for the characters used in Sanskrit in Latin transliteration (according to ISO 15919). There is no indication of pronunciation, as this varies from language to language.

The characters are divided into syllable carriers (" vowels ") and consonants :

  • Syllable carriers ("vowels")

The syllable carriers are mostly referred to as "vowels", although they also include the syllabic consonants [r] and [l].

Syllable carriers

Monophthongs a ā i ī u ū
syllabic consonants r̥ r̥̄ l̥ (l̥̄)
"Diphthongs" e ai o au

With monophthongs and syllabic consonants a distinction is made between short and long sounds. However, the long syllable “l” is only a construct that was postulated by the ancient Indian grammarians for reasons of symmetry. Its only occurrence is its name!

‹E› and ‹o› are always long in Sanskrit . Although they are monophthongs , they are referred to and classified as " diphthongs ". This is useful for reasons of Sanskrit morphophonemics .

In the alphabet followed by the suffix , as diacritics be used after vowels. They are therefore also listed with the vowels:

ṁ (Anusvāra) m̐ (Anunāsika) ḥ (Visarga)

Anusvara and Anunasika denote the nasalization , Visarga a voiceless, [h] -like aftertaste of vowels.

Consonants

The plosives are arranged in a table with 5 rows and 5 columns. The lines correspond to the articulation point in the order velar - palatal - retroflex - dental - labial (that is, in the direction of the air flow when speaking). The columns correspond to the characteristics of the type of articulation voiceless / voiced , unaspirated / aspirated and nasal .

voiced
aspirated
nasally		 -
-
-		 -
+
-		 +
-
-		 +
+
-		 +
-
+
Velare k kh G gh ṅ
Palatal c ch j century ñ
Retroflexes ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ
Dental t th d ie n
Labials p ph b bra m

This is followed by the series of sonorants , also known as " half vowels ":

y r l v

From today's perspective, only ‹y› and ‹v› are semi-vowels (more correctly: approximants ). It can also be seen as the nonsyllabic occurrence of the vowels [i] and [u]. When referring to syllabic [r] and [l] as vowels, it is logical to refer to their non- syllabic occurrences as “half vowels”. In modern phonetics, however , [r] and [l] always count as consonants, regardless of whether they appear in syllabic or non-syllabic.

The last row contains the sibilants (in the order palatal - retroflex - dental ) and the glottal h:

ś ṣ s H

The ancient Indian grammarians designated the articulation places of the plosives as follows:

  • Velar : कण्ठ्य kaṇṭhya (<कण्ठ Kantha throat, neck)
  • Palatals : तालव्य tālavya (<तालु tālu palate)
  • Retroflexe : मूर्धन्य mūrdhanya (<मूर्धन् mūrdhan summit, highest point of the palate; also: forehead skull, head, tip)
  • Dental : दन्त्य dantya (<दन्त danta tooth)
  • Labiale : ओष्ठ्य oṣṭhya (<ओष्ठ oṣṭha lip)

Even today, one encounters in Indology often the outdated, inaccurate terms " guttural " for "(lat .: guttur, throat) Velare or" Kakuminale "(lat .: Cacumen, summit, highest point ') and (lat" Cerebral " .: cerebrum 'brain') for retroflexes.

Devanagari as a typological example

alphabet

As an example of an Indian alphabet , the Devanagari script with the characters used for Sanskrit and their probable pronunciation according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is shown (the vowel inherent in the consonants has been omitted here):

alphabet

For the retroflexe [ɭ], which occurs as an allophone of / ɖ / in Vedic, there is an additional ळ. This is also used in New Indian languages ​​(e.g. Marathi ).

Vowel diacritics

The use of vowel diacritics is shown here using the consonant ‹k› as an example :

Vowel diacritics

Special case / r /

The special position of the r as “ vowel ” and “ half vowel ” is expressed in the Indian scripts. It is described here for Devanagari .

Syllabic / r / is graphically treated like a vowel. This means that it is only written in full as the syllable . After the consonant there is only the corresponding diacritic .

Diacritic

Non-syllabic / r / is only written at the beginning of the word and intervowel in its “full form”.

Full form

In consonant clusters , diacritics are used that have a different form depending on the position of the r in the consonant group. ‹R› as the first component of the group is moved to the end of the syllable and there is a tick over the vowel. This form is called Reph.

Reph

‹R› as the last component of the group is placed as a small slash or angle under the preceding consonant:

angle

In some Indian scripts, such positional variants also apply to the other "half vowels". Examples for Devanagari (V = vowel; C = consonant; V r = vowel with Reph; C r = consonant with r-diacritic underneath):

Half vowels

Ligatures

Groups of 2 or more consonants, only the last of which is followed by a vowel (or diphthong), are fused into a ligature . Their components can usually still be seen clearly. In special cases, completely new characters can also be created.

The following examples are just a small selection. There are a few hundred ligatures in the Devanagari script.

Simple Devanagari ligatures

Simple Devanagari ligatures

Complex Devanagari ligatures

Complex Devanagari ligatures

Writing syllables

The sequence of characters "consonant (encluster) + vowel ± additional vowel" is combined in the Indian scripts to form a spelling syllable ( Akshara ). This does not have to be identical to a spoken syllable. Morphemous boundaries can also lie in the middle of a graphical consonant cluster . (See also inherent vowel )

Linearity

The scriptures of the Indian group of writers run linearly viewed as a whole. However, a non-linearity can very often be found within a spelling syllable.

The Hindi word for “student” is an example : In the first syllable, the diacritic stands for the short ‹i› in front of the associated consonant ‹v›. The second syllable contains the ligature ‹dy›, the components of which are one above the other. The r spoken at the beginning of the last syllable only appears at the end of the syllable above the vowel as "Reph".

Linearity

These peculiarities of the Indian scripts make transliteration into a consistently linear script, such as the Latin script, imperative for linguistic investigations and for didactic purposes .

Adaptation to individual languages

Since most modern Indian languages contain more sounds than those described above for Sanskrit , their alphabets had to be expanded by a few characters. In the case of Tamil , the number of characters has been reduced considerably, since voiced plosives only occur as allophones of the unvoiced and since there is no aspiration in Tamil .

Additional characters

In North Indian scripts, diacritics are often used to expand the character set , such as a subordinate point ("nukta") or a line. Some characters were also recreated.

The following are examples of Devanagari , Tamil , Kannada , Sinhala, and Tibetan :

Devanagari

Brahmic Nag neu.gif

In Rajasthani the full forms of ‹e› and ‹ai› are written by using अ as a "vowel carrier" and connecting the vowel diacritics with it:

Brahmic Nag Raj.gif

This spelling was also propagated for Hindi for a while in order to make it easier to learn the script and thus promote the spread of Hindi as the national language:

Brahmic Nag Init.gif

Dravidian languages

A distinction must be made here between long and short e and o. Originally this was not referred to graphically in the South Indian scripts. Additional characters for ‹ē› and ‹ō› were introduced by the Italian missionary Constanzo Beschi (1680–1774).

When transliterating them in Latin, please note that in Dravidian scripts, ‹e› and ‹o› always stand for the short vowel, ‹ē› and ‹ō› for the long one, while the corresponding Devanagari characters as ‹‹ ›and‹ ŏ ›The short vowel, ‹e› and ‹o› always denote the long one:

Brahmic Tam Vok.gif

To reproduce specifically Dravidian sounds ( retroflexer approximant , alveolares r and n), the South Indian alphabets contain additional characters. In Tamil , a diacritic is also used for [f] and [z]:

Brahmic Tam Drav.gif

Kannada has its own diacritic for vowel length. This appears as the last character of a spelling syllable:

Brahmic Kan Voklang.gif

Sinhala

Characters for further vowels, for prenasal consonants and [f] were created.

Brahmic Sinh neu.gif

The characters for the prenasalized consonants were created from the associated non-prenasalized consonants by adding an additional bow as a diacritic .

Tibetan

When developing a script for Tibetan from an Indian script, some characters for Tibetan sounds were also missing. The signs for the dental affricates were formed from the palatals by adding a diacritic . Other characters were newly created or obtained by mirroring existing characters.

Brahmic Tib.gif

Later, for transliterieren of Sanskrit -Texten more characters, especially for representing the retroflex and aspirated voiced plosives introduced.

Burmese, Khmer, Thai

These scripts were expanded to include tone marks and numerous vowel characters, and Thai also added consonant characters.

Vowel diacritics in Indian scripts

In Brahmi script , the vowel diacritics were shown as small dashes attached to the consonant. As the scriptures evolved, the diacritics changed shape, size, and position. Sometimes they were also split up. The following table shows a selection:

Brahmic Vok Dia.gif

Syllabic consonants and special forms of r

There are no more syllable consonants in the New Indian languages . The historical spelling of the syllable r has been preserved, but the pronunciation has changed to [ri] in some languages ​​and to [ru] in others.

The Gurmukhi-Alexis script is most consistent here: It has neither a symbol for syllable r nor for Reph.

In the Dravidian languages (more precisely: in the Dravidian vocabulary of these languages) there are no syllabic consonants. The Tamil script therefore has no symbol for a syllable r. Tamil has no special characters for the other occurrences of r either.

Kannada , Malayalam, and Telugu have characters for all of Sanskrit's syllabic consonants . Kannada also has Reph. However, this is no longer used in the Reformed spelling of Malayalam and Telugu.

Ligatures

The principle outlined above for Devanagari essentially applies to all North Indian scripts, that is, in many cases the last consonant of a ligature retains its original form. In the scripts for the South Indian (Dravidian) languages Kannada and Telugu , the first consonant is written in full, the next are added below or behind in a reduced and slightly modified form. The associated vowel merges with the fully written consonant to form a ligature .

Example Kannada :

Brahmic Kan Lig.gif

Gurmukhi ( Punjabi ), modern Sinhala and Tamil almost no longer use ligatures.

In Tibetan , Burmese , Khmer and Lao , consonant groups are represented by writing under one another, analogous to Kannada and Telugu .

Modern Thai has no ligatures .

orthography

Indo-Aryan languages

The Devanagari -Schrift gives Phonembestand of Sanskrit quite well again. The phoneme systems of the New Indo-Aryan languages ​​have developed differently without the spelling of the words being significantly adapted to the new pronunciation. This resulted in historical orthographies .

Most noticeable are the changes in the eastern New Indian languages Assamese , Bengali and Oriya . The main changes here are:

  • The inherent vowel is spoken here as [ɔ] or [ɒ].
  • The Sibilants ś ṣ s have collapsed, namely in Bengali to [ʃ], in Oriya to [s], in Assamese to [x].
  • In Assamese the palatals have become [s] and the retroflexes have coincided with the dentals .
  • The components of some consonant clusters have been phonetically adjusted to one another.

In the New Indo-Aryan languages, except Oriya and Sinhalese , the inherent vowel is often not spoken without this being represented in the script by halant or ligature formation. Example Alexis

Brahmic Nag samajh.gif

The silent inherent vowel reappears when reciting poetry and singing. (One can observe the same thing with the “mute e” in French .)

In the Gurmukhi ( Punjabi ) script , halant does not appear at all, so that one cannot tell whether the inherent vowel is to be spoken after a consonant or not.

Another peculiarity of Punjabi is that the aspirated voiced plosives have lost aspiration and voicing . The syllable carrying the word accent of a word containing these characters is given a high or low tone . The aspirated voiced plosives are still written so that one can tell whether a word has a tone.

Dravidian languages

In the Tamil script , the number of characters has been drastically reduced, since the language has no aspirated sounds, and since the plosives voicing only occurs allophonically . Compare the Tamil alphabet with the Devanagari alphabet:

Brahmic Tam AlfV.gif Brahmic Tam AlfC.gif

The sounds in the penultimate row (except ள) occur only in Dravidian languages . Those in the last row are borrowed from the Grantha script in order to be able to write Sanskrit words correctly in at least some cases . Usually, however, these are hardly recognizable as such in Tamil script ; however, this corresponds to the pronunciation in modern Tamil .

If you want to transliterate Sanskrit into the Tamil script phonetically correctly , you can use two methods:

Brahmic Tam Skt.gif

Mixing Sanskrit with a Dravidian language is called "Manipravala". It is comparable to the mixture of German and English called " Denglisch " . Just as an English word in Denglisch can have a German ending (e.g. download-en), a Sanskrit word in Manipravala can also have a Tamil ending. One can observe in older Tamil texts or in individual modern writers who are particularly strongly Sanskrit-oriented that the Sanskrit component is written in Grantha script, the Tamil ending in Tamil script (even with "download" the English one remains Get orthography from "download"):

Brahmic Tam Manipr.gif

The rest of the Dravidian scriptures contain all of the characters required for writing Sanskrit words. However, there is a difference in the orthographies of Malayalam on the one hand and Kannada / Telugu on the other.

In Malayalam , analogous to Tamil, Dravidian words use the same spelling as the Dravidian phoneme system , while Sanskrit spelling applies to Sanskrit words.

In Kannada and Telugu , all words, regardless of their origin, are written phonetically .

Tibetan

Tibetan orthography is extremely historical. It reflects the language level from more than 1000 years ago. In relation to modern language, large quantities of “superfluous” letters are carried along, which come from morphemes that have long since disappeared from language . The following four words are all pronounced [ɡʲuɡ]! They are the root forms of the verb "run".

Brahmic Tib gyug.gif

Looking up Tibetan words in the dictionary is unparalleled in terms of complexity. The above four words can be looked up under “g”, whereby additional rules must be observed for the consonants associated with the “g”.

Khmer

The Khmer has a very high number of vowel phonemes (more than 30 including diphthongs ). Additional characters were created for this. In order to keep the number as low as possible, we divided the plosives of the Indian alphabet in two series: Series 1 contains the characters in Indian alphabets for voiceless consonants were, Series 2, for voiced . This does not mean that in Khmer all consonants from series 1 are voiceless today, all consonants from series 2 are voiced today. Rather, one and the same vowel sign denotes a different vowel, depending on whether it is connected to a consonant of series 1 or 2. This resulted in a halving of the required vowel marks. The Khmer script also contains two diacritics, with the help of which a vowel diacritic attached to a consonant of series 1 is given the pronunciation associated with series 2 and vice versa.

Tables

The characters of various Indian scripts are listed here. The transcription is represented as transcription by the National Library at Calcutta and pronunciation by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) . This list is incomplete as some characters are not shown.

Note: in some of the languages ​​shown, the pronunciation of the aspirata is identical to the non-aspirated sounds.

Consonants

NLAC IPA Devanagari Bengali Gurmukhi Gujarati Oriya Tamil Telugu Kannada Malayalam Sinhala Tibetan
k ​k​ क ক ਕ ક କ க క ಕ ക ක ཀ
kh kʰ ख খ ਖ ખ ଖ - ఖ ಖ ഖ ඛ ཁ
G ​ɡ​ ग গ ਗ ગ ଗ - గ ಗ ഗ ග ག
gh ɡʱ घ ঘ ਘ ઘ ଘ - ఘ ಘ ഘ ඝ -
ṅ ŋ ङ ঙ ਙ ઙ ଙ ங ఙ ಙ ങ ඞ ང
c c च চ ਚ ચ ଚ ச చ ಚ ച ච ཅ
ch cʰ छ ছ ਛ છ ଛ - ఛ ಛ ഛ ඡ ཆ
j ​ɟ​ ज জ ਜ જ ଜ ஜ జ ಜ ജ ජ ཇ
century ɟʱ झ ঝ ਝ ઝ ଝ - ఝ ಝ ഝ ඣ -
ñ ​ɲ​ ञ ঞ ਞ ઞ ଞ ஞ ఞ ಞ ഞ ඤ ཉ
ṭ ​ʈ​ ट ট ਟ ટ ଟ ட ట ಟ ട ට ཊ
ṭh ʈʰ ठ ঠ ਠ ઠ ଠ - ఠ ಠ ഠ ඨ ཋ
ḍ ​ɖ​ ड ড ਡ ડ ଡ - డ ಡ ഡ ඩ ཌ
ḍh ɖʱ ढ ঢ ਢ ઢ ଢ - ఢ ಢ ഢ ඪ -
ṇ ​ɳ​ ण ণ ਣ ણ ଣ ண ణ ಣ ണ ණ ཎ
t t̺ त ত ਤ ત ତ - త ತ ത ත ཏ
th t̺ʰ थ থ ਥ થ ଥ த థ ಥ ഥ ථ ཐ
d d̺ द দ ਦ દ ଦ - ద ದ ദ ද ད
ie d̺ʰ ध ধ ਧ ધ ଧ - ధ ಧ ധ ධ -
n n न ন ਨ ન ନ ந న ನ ന න ན
ṉ n ऩ - - - - ன - - - - -
p p प প ਪ પ ପ ப ప ಪ പ ප པ
ph pʰ फ ফ ਫ ફ ଫ - ఫ ಫ ഫ ඵ ཕ
b b ब ব ਬ બ ବ - బ ಬ ബ බ བ
bra bʱ भ ভ ਭ ભ ଭ - భ ಭ ഭ භ -
m m म ম ਮ મ ମ ம మ ಮ മ ම མ
y j य য ਯ ય ଯ ய య ಯ യ ය ཡ
r r र র / ৰ ਰ ર ର ர ర ರ ര ර ར
ṟ r ऱ - - - - ற ఱ ಱ റ - -
l l ल ল ਲ લ ଲ ல ల ಲ ല ල ལ
ḷ ​ɭ​ ळ - ਲ਼ ળ ଳ ள ళ ಳ ള ළ -
ḻ ​ɻ​ ऴ - - - - ழ - ೞ ഴ - -
v ​ʋ​ व ৱ ਵ વ - வ వ ವ വ ව ཝ
ś ​ɕ​ श শ ਸ਼ શ ଶ ஶ శ ಶ ശ ශ ཤ
ṣ ​ʂ​ ष ষ - ષ ଷ ஷ ష ಷ ഷ ෂ ཥ
s s स স ਸ સ ସ ஸ స ಸ സ ස ས
H H ह হ ਹ હ ହ ஹ హ ಹ ഹ හ ཧ

Vowels

NLAC IPA Devanagari Bengali Gurmukhi Gujarati Oriya Tamil Telugu Kannada Malayalam Sinhala Tibetan
a ə अ - অ - ਅ - અ - ଅ - அ க అ - ಅ - അ ക අ ක ཨ -
- ɑː आ का আ কা ਆ ਕਾ આ કા ଆ କା ஆ கா ఆ కా ಆ ಕಾ ആ കാ ආ කා - -
æ ඇ කැ
ǣ ඈ කෑ
i i इ कि ই কি ਇ ਕਿ ઇ કિ ଇ କି இ கி ఇ కి ಇ ಕಿ ഇ കി ඉ කි ཨི ཀི
ī iː ई की ঈ কী ਈ ਕੀ ઈ કી ଈ କୀ ஈ கீ ఈ కీ ಈ ಕೀ ഈ കീ ඊ කී - -
u u उ कु উ কু ਉ ਕੁ ઉ કુ ଉ କୁ உ கு ఉ కు ಉ ಕು ഉ കു උ කු ཨུ ཀུ
ū uː ऊ कू ঊ কূ ਊ ਕੂ ઊ કૂ ଊ କୂ ஊ கூ ఊ కూ ಊ ಕೂ ഊ കൂ ඌ කූ - -
e e ऎ कॆ - - - - - - - - எ கெ ఎ కె ಎ ಕೆ എ കെ එ කෙ - -
ē eː ए के এ কে ਏ ਕੇ એ કે ଏ କେ ஏ கே ఏ కే ಏ ಕೇ ഏ കേ ඒ කේ ཨེ ཀེ
ai ai ऐ कै ঐ কৈ ਐ ਕੈ ઐ કૈ ଐ କୈ ஐ கை ఐ కై ಐ ಕೈ ഐ കൈ ඓ කෛ - -
O O ऒ कॊ - - - - - - - - ஒ கொ ఒ కొ ಒ ಕೊ ഒ കൊ ඔ කො - -
O O ओ को ও কো ਓ ਕੋ ઓ કો ଓ କୋ ஓ கோ ఓ కో ಓ ಕೋ ഓ കോ ඕ කෝ ཨོ ཀོ
ouch ouch औ कौ ঔ কৌ ਔ ਕੌ ઔ કૌ ଔ କୌ ஔ கௌ ఔ కౌ ಔ ಕೌ ഔ കൗ ඖ කෞ - -
ṛ r̩ ऋ कृ ঋ কৃ - - ઋ કૃ ଋ କୃ - - ఋ కృ ಋ ಕೃ ഋ കൃ ඍ කෘ - -
ṝ r̩ː ॠ कॄ ৠ কৄ - - ૠ કૄ ୠ - - - ౠ - - - ൠ - ඎ කෲ - -
ḷ l̩ ऌ कॢ ঌ কৢ - - - - ଌ - - - ఌ కౄ ಌ - ഌ ക്ഌ (ඏ) - - -
ḹ l̩ː ॡ कॣ ৡ কৣ - - - - ୡ - - - ౡ - ೡ - ൡ ക്ൡ (ඐ) - - -

Numeral

number Devanagari Bengali Gurmukhi Gujarati Tamil Telugu Kannada Malayalam
0 ० ০ ੦ ૦ ೦ ౦ ೦ ൦
1 १ ১ ੧ ૧ ௧ ౧ ೧ ൧
2 २ ২ ੨ ૨ ௨ ౨ ೨ ൨
3 ३ ৩ ੩ ૩ ௩ ౩ ೩ ൩
4th ४ ৪ ੪ ૪ ௪ ౪ ೪ ൪
5 ५ ৫ ੫ ૫ ௫ ౫ ೫ ൫
6th ६ ৬ ੬ ૬ ௬ ౬ ೬ ൬
7th ७ ৭ ੭ ૭ ௭ ౭ ೭ ൭
8th ८ ৮ ੮ ૮ ௮ ౮ ೮ ൮
9 ९ ৯ ੯ ૯ ௯ ౯ ೯ ൯

Indian writing circle in Unicode

The following scripts of the Indian group of scripts are coded in the Unicode version 5.1 for data processing :

Complex representation algorithms are provided for the Indian scripts in Unicode for correct representation .

See also: Inscript ; Keyboard layout for entering Indian scripts on a computer

literature

  • George L. Campbell: Compendium of the World's Languages. London 1991, ISBN 0-415-02937-6 .
  • Hans Jensen: The writing in the past and present. Berlin 1969.
  • Colin P. Masica: The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge 1991, ISBN 0-521-23420-4 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Only in older written Sinhala