Khmer script

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If characters are not displayed correctly in the following, this is due to the character set , see the section Khmer in Unicode and Help with display problems .
Khmer script
Font Abugida
languages Khmer language
Emergence 6th century
Usage time since the 7th century
Used in Cambodia , Vietnam , Thailand
Officially in Cambodia
ancestry Brahmi script
 →  Grantha script
  →  Khmer script
Derived Thai script
Laotian script
relative Mon font
Kawi font
Unicode block U + 1780 to U + 17FF
ISO 15924 Khmr
The country name "Cambodia" ( srok kmae ) in Khmer script
២០១៦
(2016 as a khmeric number)
The syllable "ka" in Cambodian script
For comparison, the syllable "ka" in Devanagari

The Khmer script ( អក្សរខ្មែរ Âksâr Khmêr; also Cambodian script ) is a script derived from the Indian scripts in which the Khmer language , the language of the Cambodian Khmer people , is written. The earliest written documents date from the 6th to 7th centuries AD. The script uses 33 consonants, 24 vowels and 14 initial vowels.

Consonants

The Khmer alphabet has 35 consonant letters, two of which are no longer used (here in red). For sequences of several consonants special forms of the consonant letters are used, the cheung âksâr ( ជើង អ័ក្ស រ , "letter feet "). These trailing forms are under the first consonant. All consonants except lâ have such forms.

The consonant letters are divided into a â-group and a ô-group, depending on the vowel with which the letter is pronounced. These two groups affect the pronunciation of the vowel signs and thus make it possible to write the many vowels and diphthongs of Khmer with the available character set.

group Beginning adjusted Surname pronunciation Unicode name
before vowel first of several consonants End of syllable
Velare ◌ ្ក k k k KHMER LETTER KA
◌ ្ខ khâ kh k k KHMER LETTER KHA
◌ ្គ k k k KHMER LETTER KO
◌ ្ឃ khô kh k k KHMER LETTER KHO
◌ ្ង ngô ŋ - ŋ KHMER LETTER NGO
Palatal ◌ ្ច châ c c c KHMER LETTER APPROX
◌ ្ឆ CH Ha c c - KHMER LETTER CHA
◌ ្ជ chô c c c KHMER LETTER CO
◌ ្ឈ chhô ch c - KHMER LETTER CHO
◌ ្ញ (ញ្ញ) nhô ɲ - ɲ KHMER LETTER NYO
"Retroflexe" ◌ ្ដ there ɗ ɗ t KHMER LETTER DA
◌ ្ឋ thâ th t t KHMER LETTER TTHA
◌ ្ឌ do d - t KHMER LETTER DO
◌ ្ឍ thô th - t KHMER LETTER TTHO
◌ ្ណ n / A n n n KHMER LETTER NNO
Dental ◌ ្ត t t t KHMER LETTER TA
◌ ្ថ thâ th t t KHMER LETTER THA
◌ ្ទ t t t KHMER LETTER TO
◌ ្ធ thô th t t KHMER LETTER THO
◌ ្ន n - n KHMER LETTER NO
Labials ◌ ្ប b p p KHMER LETTER BA
◌ ្ផ phâ ph p p KHMER LETTER PHA
◌ ្ព p p p KHMER LETTER PO
◌ ្ភ phô ph p p KHMER LETTER PHO
◌ ្ម m m m KHMER LETTER MO
Further ◌ ្យ j - j KHMER LETTER YO
្រ ◌ ɽ - (ɽ) KHMER LETTER RO
◌ ្ល l l l KHMER LETTER LO
◌ ្វ v - v KHMER LETTER VO
◌ ្ឝ shâ since the middle of the 17th century no longer in use KHMER LETTER SHA
◌ ្ឞ ssâ since the middle of the 17th century no longer in use KHMER LETTER SSO
◌ ្ស s s H KHMER LETTER SA
◌ ្ហ Ha H (H) - KHMER LETTER HA
- l - - KHMER LETTER LA
◌ ្អ ʔ ʔ - KHMER LETTER QA

The consonants referred to as “ retroflexes ” in the table are pronounced as dentals in Cambodian today .

Spelling of consonants in foreign words

Consonants that only appear in foreign words recently borrowed from Western languages ​​are represented by special character combinations.

consonant transcription
ហ្គ
ហ៊្គ
ហ្វ fâ (wâ)
ហ៊្វ fô (wô)
ហ្ស žâ
ហ៊្ស žô

Vowels

The Khmer alphabet has 23 diacritical vowel marks ( Khmer ស្រៈនិស្ស័យ srăk nissăy or Khmer ស្រៈផ្សំ srăk phsâm , "dependent vowels") that can be connected with consonants. The pronunciation of the vowel signs depends on whether they are connected with a consonant of the â group or with one of the ô group.

There are also vowel letters ( Khmer ស្រៈពេញតួ srăk penhtuŏ , “independent vowels”) that can be written without a preceding consonant.

Dependent vowels

Letter transcription pronunciation Unicode name
â group ô group â group ô group
◌ ា a éa iːə KHMER VOWEL SIGN AA
◌ ិ ĕ ĭ e i KHMER VOWEL SIGN I
◌ ី egg i əj KHMER VOWEL SIGN II
◌ ឹ ŏe ə ɨ KHMER VOWEL SIGN Y
◌ ឺ œ əːɨ ɨː KHMER VOWEL SIGN YY
◌ ុ O ŭ O u KHMER VOWEL SIGN U
◌ ូ O u oːu KHMER VOWEL SIGN UU
◌ ួ uːə KHMER VOWEL SIGN UA
aeu eu aːə əː KHMER VOWEL SIGN OE
eua ɨːə KHMER VOWEL SIGN YA
iːə KHMER VOWEL SIGN IE
េ ◌ é egg KHMER VOWEL SIGN E.
ែ ◌ ê aːe KHMER VOWEL SIGN AE
ៃ ◌ ai ey aj ɨj KHMER VOWEL SIGN AI
aːo O KHMER VOWEL SIGN OO
ouch ŏu aw ɨw KHMER VOWEL SIGN AU
◌ ុំ om around om around KHMER VOWEL SIGN U +

KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT

◌ ំ at the around ɑm around KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT
◌ ាំ at the ŏâm at the oəm KHMER VOWEL SIGN AA +

KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT

◌ ះ Ah eăh Ah eəh KHMER SIGN REAHMUK
◌ ុះ Oh ŭh Oh uh KHMER VOWEL SIGN U +

KHMER SIGN REAHMUK

េ ◌ ះ éh eh ih KHMER VOWEL SIGN E +

KHMER SIGN REAHMUK

ោះ aôh ŏăh ɑh uəh KHMER VOWEL SIGN OO +

KHMER SIGN REAHMUK

Independent vowels

vocal Correspondence transcription Unicode name
អិ ĕ KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QI
អី egg KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QII
អុ O KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QU
អ៊ុ ŭ KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUK
អូ វ ov KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUUV
អូ O KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUU
អេ, អែ é, ê KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QE
អៃ ai KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAI
/ អោ KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO
អៅ ouch KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAU

Special vowel marks

vocal Correspondence transcription Unicode name
រឹ rŏe KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RY
រឺ KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RYY
លឹ lŏe KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LY
លឺ KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LYY

Digits

0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 10
character ១០
Surname son Muay pi At Buan Pram Pram-muy Pram-pi Pram-at Pram-buan Dob
11 12 13 14th 15th 16 17th 18th 19th 20th ...
character ១១ ១២ ១៣ ១៤ ១៥ ១៦ ១៧ ១៨ ១៩ ២០ ...
Surname Dob muay Dob-Pi Dob-Bei Dob-Buan Dob-Pram Dob-Pram-Muy Dob-Pram-Pi Dob-Pram-Bei Dob-Pram-Buan Mepey ...

Khmer in Unicode

ÂkkhârâKrôm Khémâra Phéasa អក្ខរក្រម ខេមរភាសា - Alphabet of the Khmer language

The Khmer Unicode block is U + 1780… U + 17FF. There is also a Unicode block of Khmer symbols for the Cambodian lunar calendar in U + 19E0… U + 19FF.

  0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 A. B. C. D. E. F.
1780
1790
17A0
17B0
17C0
17D0    
17E0            
17F0            

Code2000 is a Unicode font that includes Khmer characters.

Web links

Commons : Khmer script  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franklin E. Huffman: Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader . Yale Univ. Pr. New Haven, London 1970
  2. ^ Franklin E. Huffman: Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader . Yale Univ. Pr. New Haven, London 1970.
  3. When pronouncing the ô group, Huffman writes a shortened form ( breve ) over the diphthongs of oəm, eəh, uəh.