Capuchin monastery Freiburg im Breisgau
| Capuchin monastery Freiburg im Breisgau | |||
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| medal | Capuchin | ||
| founding year | 1599 | ||
| Cancellation / year | 1821 | ||
| Start-up | new order | ||
| Patronage | Immaculate Conception of Mary | ||
| - | location | ||
| country | Germany | ||
| region | Baden-Württemberg | ||
| place | Freiburg in Breisgau | ||
| Geographical location | 48 ° 0 ' N , 7 ° 50' E | ||
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| Situation in Germany | |||
The Capuchin Monastery Freiburg im Breisgau was a monastery of the Capuchin Order in the city of Freiburg im Breisgau . The foundation stone for the first monastery building in the Lehen suburb was laid in 1599. The monastery was closed in 1821. The second monastery complex, founded in 1680, was completely demolished in 1823 for the construction of the Collegium Borromaeum .
history
founding
On October 8, 1591, the Council of the City of Friborg used the provincial chapter of the Swiss Capuchin Province in Altdorf for the establishment of a Capuchin monastery in the city. The Swiss Capuchin Province sent representatives to Friborg to define the framework for the project. However, the city passed the university's Senate , which, contrary to its legal right to have a say, was not involved. The Bishop of Constance, Andreas of Austria , who was asked for help by the city, finally intervened in favor of the construction of the monastery .
The order general P. Hieronymus Gerandoni and the papal administration approved the foundation of the monastery in May 1599. The compulsory approval of the sovereign should have already been given at this point in time. The building site in the suburb of Lehen was donated by Junker Matthias Streit and his wife Apollonia Hauser in November 1599. The auxiliary bishop of Constance, Jakob Johann Mirgel (officiating 1597–1619), laid the foundation stone for the first monastery building around 1600. The lay church was consecrated in September 1601 by Jakob Johann Mirgel in honor of the Immaculate Conception of Mary.
Development in the 17th and 18th centuries
On October 4, 1612, the former Ensisheim judge, Markus Roy , who had joined the Capuchin order, celebrated his first Holy Mass . Soon after its foundation, however, the monastery was drawn into the political conflicts of the time: Freiburg was occupied for the first time by the Swedes under General Gustaf Horn in 1632, recaptured the following year by the Duke of Feria and conquered by the Swedes another year later recovered from the Rhine Count Otto Ludwig von Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen . In contrast to the Jesuits, the Capuchins were respected and supported by the occupiers and were therefore active as clergy even during a great outbreak of the plague in 1633. In 1644, in contrast to the other monasteries in the suburbs, the monastery survived the clearing of the field of fire ordered by Colonel Kannoffsky , as it was generally only slightly damaged by the events of the war. On April 16, 1668, the Friborg monastery was one of the 27 Capuchin monasteries that separated from this province at the provincial chapter of the Swiss Capuchin Province in Wyl and founded their own, the Upper Austrian Capuchin Province.
As part of the expansion of Freiburg into a French fortress by the Marquis Vauban , the monastery complex was demolished on February 11, 1680, as it was located in a strategically important location. Meanwhile , the Capuchins were accommodated in the Collegium Sapientiae , a student residence on Herrenstrasse.
On October 22nd, 1680 the foundation stone for the second monastery building at today's Schoferstraße 1 was laid by the Abbot of St. Peter , Paulus Pastor. The construction was financed with a personal donation from Louis XIV in the amount of 2250 guilders . After about two years of construction, the new building was ready to move into on October 1, 1682. The lay church was only completed later and was consecrated on May 12, 1699 by Konrad Ferdinand Geist von Wildegg, Auxiliary Bishop of Constance.
In 1706 and 1710 the monastery complex was expanded. The wars of the 18th century did not damage the site. During the bombardment of Freiburg on October 9, 1744, a howitzer ball penetrated the roof of the church, smashed the holy water stone and damaged the grating and the tabernacle of the altar, but without injuring anyone. The Fathers saw the event as proof of the power of their image of Mary.
resolution
On March 24, 1781, Vienna ordered the separation of the non-front Austrian monasteries from the Capuchin Province of Front Austria, which was then carried out by the last Definitor of the old Capuchin Province, RP Reinhard von Waldshut. In the course of this restructuring, the Capuchin Monastery in Freiburg became part of the newly created Capuchin Province of Swabia. But already in this decade the religious orders began to be pushed back in the course of the secularization policy of Joseph II ( Josephinism ), in the course of which numerous monasteries were closed. On June 8, 1781, a court decree forbade the admission of new novices. In 1784 the Freiburg government announced that the Capuchins were "dispensable" for pastoral care. In 1785, Joseph II finally ordered the abolition of the Freiburg Capuchin Monastery, but this was delayed and therefore not implemented for the time being. Nevertheless, the state restrictions grew: On February 1, 1788, collecting alms, selling amulets and tufts of herbs was prohibited. The fathers were supported by the religious fund and thus became state officials. In 1801 the ban on accepting novices was lifted, but was re-enacted shortly afterwards.
In 1805, the government of the short-lived Duchy of Modena-Breisgau put the monastery on the extinction budget and thus ordered its dissolution. The Grand Duchy of Baden, to which Freiburg passed in 1806, upheld this directive. In 1817, the grand ducal government of Baden finally asked the brothers to move to the monastery in Staufen . This was not enforced until 1821, when the three fathers and the Capuchin brothers actually moved to the religious hospice in Staufen. The monastery was closed and, after the Franciscans had been quartered until September 15, 1822, demolished. In August 1822 the inventory of the monastery was publicly auctioned.
Tasks and activities of the monastery
The religious priests of the Capuchins sometimes helped out within the deanery. In 1613 the Capuchins took over the supervision of the Freiburg Poor Clares from the Franciscans. From 1670 onwards, after the compulsory parish was abolished, confession was accepted. As a result, the Upper Austrian Capuchin monasteries reported that up to 800,000 confessions were taken each year. The pastoral care of the sick and dying was, according to the custom of the time, almost exclusively entrusted to the Capuchins. Capuchins took special care of inmates and convicts in prisons and accompanied those condemned to death on their last walk. Another focus was the mission, which extended into the reformed margraviate of Baden .
The Capuchin Order did a great job in caring for the plague sufferers in the epidemics of the 16th and early 17th centuries. Pastoral care and nursing merged into one another. The monastery was particularly involved in the outbreak of the plague between 1633 and 1634. Several brothers died in October and November 1633 while providing pastoral care and care for the sick.
The popularity of the Capuchin monks - forbidden in 1789 - contributed to the sale of various monastery works such as scapulars and crosses, consecrated tufts of herbs, benedictions and banished spirits. The Capuchins saw themselves as professional exorcists, even if one can think differently and scoff at them. According to a folk legend, the Capuchins climbed the Feldberg single-handedly in order to expose the evil spirits banished in a can in the wasteland.
From an administrative point of view, the Freiburg Capuchin Monastery held the position as one of the three custodians within the Capuchin Province of Upper Austria. The Freiburg custody included the monasteries of Freiburg, Neustadt, Laufenburg, Waldshut, Rheinfelden, Staufen, Breisach, Baden-Baden, Oberkirch, Offenburg, Haslach and Mahlberg, as well as the residence in Oppenau.
Equipment of the monastery
Altars and panel paintings
Following the patronage, the main altar sheet represented the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Before 1743 Johann Christian Wentzinger provided the side altars of the lay church with putti. The side altars, presumably also further furnished by Wentzinger, were brought to the parish church in Ebringen via the auction of the monastery inventory in August 1822. Unfortunately, the statues in the niches made by Wentzinger have not survived.
After Heinrich Schreiber, Joseph Markus Herrmann (1732–1811) painted several Passion pictures for the refectory .
Library
The rule of the order provided for the establishment of a library: “Since it was always the intention of our father [Francis] that the brothers have the books they need in community and not privately, in order to better observe poverty and any attachment to the books and each To keep the love from the heart, it is decreed that in each convent there should be a small room in which the Scriptures and the works of some holy teachers are kept ”. The Capuchin libraries, which have been extended to some extent through donations, owe their existence to the fact that the clergy took up to 10 years of study and prepared their sermons. The provincial library catalogs contain well-stocked sections with anti-reformatory polemics in the style of Weislinger or with the works of Abraham a Sancta Claras.
On the occasion of the monastery renovation in 1768, the catalog of the books in the Freiburg monastery was updated. The inventory then comprised 3,649 different titles and 99 manuscripts. The library catalog was created by Guardian Antonius von Rheinfelden in 1705.
The library was closed after the abolition of the monastery in 1822. According to the provisions of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, the court library in Karlsruhe received the right to the first selection from the monastery and monastery libraries. The unwanted books were offered to the university libraries in Freiburg and Heidelberg. The takeover of the secularized Capuchin Library in Freiburg took place in 1822 in the final phase of the transfers.
Capuchin Crypt
The Capuchin Crypt was no longer used from 1784 due to the Josephine burial laws.
Monastery complex
The first monastery site was in the Lehen suburb. After the razing of the first monastery complex, the new building took place in 1680 within the city walls on today's Schoferstraße.
Later use
Remains of the monastery complex are not known after the complete demolition. The area on Schoferstrasse was built over with the Collegium Borromaeum from 1823 to 1827, which in turn was rebuilt after major damage in the Second World War.
Others
Relic collection of the Guardian Schächtelin
The Capuchin Raphael Schächtelin (unknown-1667), from a Freiburg bourgeois family, Guardian in Freiburg from 1648 to 1649 and from 1652 to 1653, took part in the General Chapter of the Capuchin Order in Rome in 1650. From 1578 the bones of several so-called catacomb saints were recovered in the Priscilla catacomb . On June 17, 1650, Father Raphael received, certified by the public notary Leonardus de Leonardis, the bones of the martyr Alexander as well as 13 other relics from Vicar General Ginetti, which he brought to Freiburg in his luggage. On December 19, 1651, Father Raphael presented the bones of St. Alexander to the magistrate as part of a solemn translation. They were processed by the Dominican Sisters for the sacristy of the minster in 1752. Saint Alexander (name festival on September 17th) subsequently became the patron saint of the city of Freiburg.
A relic of St. Flavius received the priesthood of the minster as a gift. The remaining twelve relics were distributed among the twelve guilds. At the request of Father Raphael, high-quality reliquary busts were made for them. Some of these reliquary busts, which the guilds have carried with them during the Corpus Christi processions since 1653, have been preserved.
Outstanding members of the Capuchin monastery in Freiburg
- Markus Roy (1578–1622), martyr of the order, can be traced back to Freiburg from October 4, 1612 to July 23, 1614.
- Raphael Schächtelin (? -1667), donor of the remains of the Freiburg city patron St. Alexander and the guild relics.
- Father Romuald, wanted in a wanted list in 1784 for communist sermons and the founding of a brotherhood.
literature
- Romualdus Stockacensis: Monasterium Friburgense . In: Historia provinciae anterioris Austriae fratrum minorum capucinorum . Andreas Stadler, Kempten 1747, p. 105–111 ( full text in Google Book Search).
- Vigilius Greiderer: Conventus Friburgo-Brisgoicus . In: Chronica ref. provinciae S. Leopoldi Tyrolensis ex opere Germania Franciscana . Liber I. Typis Joannis Thomae nobilis de Trattnern, Vienna 1781, p. 400 ( archive.org ).
- Johannes Baptista Baur: Contributions to the Chronicle of the Upper Austrian Capuchin Province . In: Freiburg Diöcesan Archive . tape 17 . Herder'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Vienna 1885, p. 245–289 ( PDF; 30.5 MB ).
- Johannes Baptista Baur: Contributions to the Chronicle of the Upper Austrian Capuchin Province . In: Freiburg Diöcesan Archive . tape 18 . Herder'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Vienna 1886, p. 153-218 ( PDF; 24.2 MB ).
- Lexicon Capuccinum: promptuarium historico-bibliographicum Ordinis Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum; (1525-1950) . Bibl. Collegii Internat. S. Laurentii Brundusini, Rome 1951.
- Beda Mayer OFMCap .: Capuchin monastery Freiburg, In: The Capuchin monasteries in front of Austria . In: Helvetia Franciscana . 12, 7th issue. St. Fidelis-Buchdruckerei, Lucerne 1976, p. 207-216 .
Web links
- Capuchin monastery Freiburg im Breisgau on www.leo-bw
- Capuchin monastery Freiburg im Breisgau on www.kloester-bw.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cf. Beda Mayer: Capuchin monastery Freiburg. In: Helvetia Franciscana, Volume 12, Issue 7, 1976, p. 207.
- ↑ Romuald of Stocckach: Historia provinciae anterioris Austriae fratrum minorum capucinorum. Andreas Stadler, Kempten 1747, p. 105.
- ^ Beda Mayer: Capuchin Monastery Freiburg. In: Helvetia Franciscana, Volume 12, Issue 7, 1976, p. 208.
- ↑ Marian (= d. I. Andreas Fidler), Joseph Wendt von Wendtenthal: History of the entire Austrian, secular and monastic clergy beyderley sex. First part: Northern Austria. Schmidt, Vienna 1780, p. 235 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Virgilius Greiderer: Chronica ref. provinciae S. Leopoldi Tyrolensis ex opere Germania Franciscana. Reprint 1894, p. 400.
- ^ Heinrich Schreiber: History of the City and University of Freiburg im Breisgau. Vol. 5, Wangler, Freiburg 1857, p. 298.
- ^ Hermann Franz: Studies on the Church Reform of Joseph II. Herder, Freiburg 1908, p. 169.
- ↑ Petra Rhode, in: Heiko Haumann , Hans Schadeck (ed.): History of the city of Freiburg. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, vol. 2, p. 442.
- ↑ Peter Blickle: The Old Europe. From the high Middle Ages to the modern age. CH Beck, Munich 2008, p. 116.
- ^ Beda Mayer: Helvetia Franciscana , Volume 12, Issue 6, 1977, p. 149.
- ^ Beda Mayer: Capuchin Monastery Freiburg. In: Helvetia Franciscana, Volume 12, Issue 7, 1976, p. 208 f.
- ↑ Franz Sebastian Ammann: The evocations of the devil, ghost banners, consecrations and sorcery of the Capuchins. Taken from the Latin Benedictionale and translated. CA Jenni, Bern 1841 ( online ).
- ↑ Benda Mayer: Helvetia Franciscana, Volume 12, Issue 6, 1977, p. 149.
- ^ Heinrich Schreiber: History of the City and University of Freiburg im Breisgau. Vol. 3–4, Wangler, Freiburg 1857, p. 349.
- ^ Ingeborg Krummer-Schroth: Johann Christian Wentzinger. Sculptor, painter, architect, 1710–1797. Schillinger, 1987, p. 12.
- ^ Heinrich Schreiber: History of the City and University of Freiburg im Breisgau. Vol. 5, Wangler, Freiburg 1857, p. 366.
- ↑ quoted from a lecture by Leonhard Lehmann at the opening of the traveling exhibition "Piety & Knowledge" on the occasion of the commemorative year of the secularization of the Capuchins in 1803 on June 12, 2003 in the University and State Library of Münster ( PDF ).
- ↑ Library catalog of the Capuchin monastery Freiburg, manuscript 65/215, in the General State Archive Karlsruhe.
- ^ Michael Klein: The manuscripts 65 / 1-1200 in the General State Archive Karlsruhe. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1987, p. 90.
- ^ Peter Michael Ehrle: From the margraves' zeal for collecting to the state acquisition policy. On the history of the Badische Landesbibliothek (lecture given on September 28, 2006 as part of the series of events "200 Years of Baden - Freedom Unites" in Karlsruhe)
- ^ Journal of the Breisgau-Geschichtsverein Schauinsland, Vol. 126, Breisgau-Geschichtsverein Schauinsland, 2007, p. 62.
- ^ Lore Naeck-Heuck: The reliquary busts of the Freiburg guilds. In: Badische Heimat, 1951, pp. 132-137.
- ↑ Johannes Baptista Baur: Contributions to the Chronicle of the Upper Austrian Capuchin Province. In: Freiburger Diöcesan-Archiv, Vol. 18, Herder'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Vienna 1886, p. 160.