Kazakh alphabet
Several alphabets for writing the Kazakh language are summarized under the name Kazakh alphabet . Officially, Kazakh has been written in Arabic and, above all, in Cyrillic . The introduction of a Latin alphabet as a generally binding standard should be completed by 2025.
history
Kazakh became a written language late . Before that, the national lingua franca such as Chagatai served as the written language. It was not until the 18th century that the Kazakh language received its own alphabet based on the Arabic script .
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When the Soviet Union came into being, a Latin alphabet was initially developed for the Kazakhs living in the Soviet Union in 1926, based on the uniform alphabet . Eleven years later, like all the alphabets of the Turkic languages in the Soviet Union, this was replaced by an alphabet based on Cyrillic. This alphabet has survived in Kazakhstan to this day. The Kazakhs who live in the People's Republic of China officially write their language in Arabic, which has been further developed so that all vowels of the Kazakh language can be distinguished.
In 1998 a new Kazakh- Kyrgyz Latin alphabet was presented, which was designed for both languages for reasons of cost. However, this alphabet has not yet been introduced as an official alphabet, although it is already used occasionally. The Kazakh news agency Kazinform introduced this Latin spelling for its website on April 16, 2004 parallel to the Cyrillic spelling, which is intended to benefit the Kazakhs living abroad in countries with the Latin alphabet. The website of the Kazakh government is now also available in Latin script. In 2007 the Kazakh President once again confirmed that the introduction of the Latin alphabet would be retained. In December 2012, the Kazakh government announced that the introduction of the Latin alphabet could be expected in 2025. In 2017, this introduction was officially decided and an official new Latin alphabet was presented.
The Kazakh language Wikipedia can also be displayed in the Latin alphabet from before 2017, in the Cyrillic alphabet from 1937 and in the Arabic alphabet.
alphabet
| # | IPA | Arabic | Latin (2018) | Latin (2017) | Latin (before 2017) | Latin (2019) | Cyrillic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | / ɑ / | ا | A a | A a | A a | A. | А а |
| 2 | / æ / | ٵ | Á á | A 'a' | Ä Ä | Ä Ä | Ә ә |
| 3 | / b / | ب | B b | B b | B b | B b | Б б |
| 4th | / v / | ۆ | V v | V v | V v | V v | В в |
| 5 | / ɡ / | گ | G g | G g | G g | G g | Г г |
| 6th | / ʁ / | غ | Ǵ ǵ | G 'g' | Ğ ğ | Ğ ğ | Ғ ғ |
| 7th | / d / | د | D d | D d | D d | D d | Д д |
| 8th | / e / | ە | E e | E e | E e | E e | Е е |
| 9 | / jo / | يو | Io ıo | Yo yo | Yo yo | - | Ё ё |
| 10 | / ʒ / | ج | J j | J j | J j | J j | Ж ж |
| 11 | / z / | ز | Z z | Z z | Z z | Z z | З з |
| 12 | / ɯj /, / ɪj / | ٸ | I ı | I 'i' | Ï ï | I i | И и |
| 13 | / y / | ي | I ı | I 'i' | Y y | Y y | Й й |
| 14th | / k / | ك | K k | K k | K k | K k | К к |
| 15th | / q / | ق | Q q | Q q | Q q | Q q | Қ қ |
| 16 | / l / | ل | L l | L l | L l | L l | Л л |
| 17th | / m / | م | M m | M m | M m | M m | М м |
| 18th | / n / | ن | N n | N n | N n | N n | Н н |
| 19th | / ŋ / | ڭ | Ń ń | N 'n' | Ñ ñ | Ŋ ŋ | Ң ң |
| 20th | / o / | و | O o | O o | O o | O o | О о |
| 21st | / ø / | ٶ | Ó ó | O 'o' | Ö ö | Ö ö | Ө ө |
| 22nd | / p / | پ | P p | P p | P p | P p | П п |
| 23 | / r / | ر | R r | R r | R r | R r | Р р |
| 24 | / s / | س | S s | S s | S s | S s | С с |
| 25th | / t / | ت | T t | T t | T t | T t | Т т |
| 26th | / w /, / ʊw /, / ʉw / | ۋ | Ý ý | Y 'y' | W w | W w | У у |
| 27 | / ʊ / | ٷ | Ú ú | U 'u' | Ü ü | Ü ü | Ү ү |
| 28 | / ʉ / | ۇ | U u | U u | U u | U u | Ұ ұ |
| 29 | / f / | ف | F f | F f | F f | F f | Ф ф |
| 30th | / x /, / χ / | ح | H h | X x | X x | X x | Х х |
| 31 | / h / | ھ | H h | H h | H h | H h | Һ һ |
| 32 | / t͡s / | تس | Ts ts | Ts ts | C c | - | Ц ц |
| 33 | / t͡ʃ / | چ | Ch ch | C 'c' | Ç ç | Ç ç | Ч ч |
| 34 | / ʃ / | ش | Sh sh | S 's' | Ş ş | Ş ş | Ш ш |
| 35 | / ʃʃ / | ﺷﺵ | Shsh shsh | S's 's's' | Şş şş | - | Щ щ |
| 36 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ъ ъ |
| 37 | / ɯ / | ى | Y y | Y y | I ı | I ı | Ы ы |
| 38 | / ɪ / | ٸ | I i | I i | İ i | - | І і |
| 39 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ь ь |
| 40 | / e / | ه | - | - | E e | - | Э э |
| 41 | / jʉw /, / jʊw / | يۋ | Iý ıý | Yy 'yy' | Yu yu | - | Ю ю |
| 42 | / jɑ / | يا | Ia ıa | Ya ya | Ya ya | - | Я я |
Cyrillic writing system
The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet is used in both Kazakhstan and Mongolia . In the nineteenth century, the Kazakh educator Ybyrai Altynsarin first introduced the Cyrillic writing system to the Kazakhs . Both the Russian missionary movement and schools sponsored by Russia made significant contributions to the consolidation of the Cyrillic script in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The alphabet was later revised by Sarsen Amanscholow and adopted in its current form. This contains 42 letters: 33 letters from the usual Russian alphabet of the latest spelling reform as well as nine additional, completely newly developed letters to reproduce the Kazakh sounds: Ә, Ғ, Қ, Ң, Ө, Ұ, Ү, Һ, І; however, until 1957, Ӯ was used instead of Ұ. At the beginning the Kazakh letters were arranged behind the Russian alphabet, but over time a sequence emerged in which similar sounds or letter models were sorted after the respective Russian letters.
The letters В, Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь and Э (as well as auch since 1957) exist in the alphabet as a relic of the Russian alphabet model, but are not used in any Kazakh hereditary word.
Of them, Ё, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь, and Э are only used in Russian loanwords to keep the original spelling. The pronunciation of the letter Х is similar to the Kazakh Қ. The letter Һ is only used in Arabic-Persian loanwords and is often pronounced like an emphatic K (sound value / q /, compare Arabic letters ق Qāf or the Greek Ϙ Qoppa). The letter Щ is used for the long Ш in three hereditary words (ащы 'bitter', тұщы 'saltless', кеще 'stupid') with derivatives and in loan words.
The letter И represents the stressed vowel [i], which is borrowed from the letter combinations ЫЙ / əj / and ІЙ / ɪj /. The letter У stands for / w / and the stressed vowel [u], which was created from the letter combinations ҰУ / ʊw /, ҮУ / ʉw /, ЫУ / əw / and ІУ / ɪw /.
Arabic writing system
The Arabic writing system is still the official alphabet of the Kazakh minority in the People's Republic of China . There it was introduced in the eleventh century and used as a traditional alphabet until the introduction of a Latin-based alphabet in 1924. In the same year, Akhmet Baitursynuly published a reformed alphabet in order to be able to reproduce specific Kazakh sounds that do not exist in Arabic in Arabic-Kazakh, which was previously not possible. The letters گ, ڭ, پ, ۉ, ۆ, ۋ, ۇ, ٷ, ٶ, ى, ٸ and چ represent these special sounds. Some of these characters were used before in Persian or other Arabic alphabets and were borrowed from there.
The Arabic-Kazakh alphabet contains 29 letters as well as the "large Hamza", which is at the beginning of the word and allows a word to be heard with a soft vowel. The writing direction of this Arabic-based alphabet follows that of all Arabic alphabets.
Letter shapes in the Arabic-Kazakh alphabet
| Isolated shape | Initial form | Middle form | Final shape | Letter name | Cyrillic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ا | ـا | әліп | а | ||
| ٵ | ـٵ | һәмзә - әліп | ә | ||
| ب | بـ | ـبـ | ـب | ба | б |
| ۆ | ـۆ | уау құсбелгі | в | ||
| گ | گـ | ـگـ | ـگ | гәф | г |
| ع | عـ | ـعـ | ـع | аин | ғ |
| د | ـد | дәл | д | ||
| ە | ـە | һә | е | ||
| ё | |||||
| ج | جـ | ـجـ | ـج | жим | ж |
| ز | ـز | заин | з | ||
| ي | يـ | ـيـ | ـي | я екі ноқат | и |
| ي | يـ | ـيـ | ـي | я екі ноқат | й |
| ك | كـ | ـكـ | ـك | кәф | к |
| ق | قـ | ـقـ | ـق | қаф | қ |
| ل | لـ | ـلـ | ـل | ләм | л |
| م | مـ | ـمـ | ـم | мим | м |
| ن | نـ | ـنـ | ـن | нун | н |
| ڭ | ڭـ | ـڭـ | ـڭ | еңге / кәф үш ноқат | ң |
| و | ـو | уау | о | ||
| ٶ | ـٶ | һәмзә - уау | ө | ||
| پ | پـ | ـپـ | ـپ | па | п |
| ر | ـر | ра | р | ||
| س | سـ | ـسـ | ـس | син | с |
| ت | تـ | ـتـ | ـت | та | т |
| ۋ | ـۋ | уау үш ноқат | у | ||
| ۇ | ـۇ | уау дамма | ұ | ||
| ٷ | ـٷ | һәмзә - уау дамма | ү | ||
| ف | فـ | ـفـ | ـف | фа | ф |
| ح | حـ | ـحـ | ـح | ха | х |
| ھ | ھـ | ـھـ | ـھ | һә екі көз | һ |
| چ | چـ | ـچـ | ـچ | ха үш ноқат | ч |
| ش | شـ | ـشـ | ـش | шин | ш |
| щ | |||||
| ъ | |||||
| ى | ىـ | ـىـ | ـى | я | ы |
| ٸ | ٸـ | ـٸـ | ـٸ | һәмзә - я | і |
| ь | |||||
| ە | һә | э | |||
| يۋ | ю | ||||
| يا | я | ||||
| ٴ | һәмзә | ||||
| لا | ـلا | ләм - әліп | ла |
Latin writing system
A Latin alphabet closely related to the Turkish alphabet was used in the Soviet Union between 1927 and 1940 when it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. Kazakh speakers who also knew the Latin writing system occasionally used other variants of this writing system, which was based on the Turkish alphabet .
In the People's Republic of China , a variant of the Latin alphabet was introduced in 1964–84. After that, the Arabic script previously used experienced a comeback in Chinese regions.
As a modernization measure, the Kazakh government has developed plans to finally replace the still current Cyrillic alphabet with the Latin alphabet. In 2007, a more detailed evaluation of costs and consequences began. Although there was initially no final decision for a certain variant of the Latin alphabet or for spelling rules, some websites of the Kazakh government are now available in both Cyrillic and Latin script. These include www.government.kz , the government's official website, and the Kazinform website (also known as “QazAqparat”).
On December 13, 2007, however, the Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev revealed that he did not want to push the change of script too much: “ The Kazakhs have been reading and writing Cyrillic for 70 years. Over 100 nationalities live in our state. So we need stability and peace. We should therefore not rush to change the alphabet ”.
From 2017, however, the font reform was actively promoted again. On October 26, 2017, Nursultan Nazarbayev issued an ordinance that provides for the conversion to Latin script by 2025. At the same time, a now official version of the new Kazakh Latin alphabet was presented. This alphabet deliberately did not contain any digraphs (such as "sh" and "ch" in English) or diacritical marks (such as "ç" or "ö" in Turkish). Instead, the letters of the Kazakh Cyrillic script were converted directly into standard Latin letters.
However, since Kazakh has more sounds than the Latin alphabet letters, apostrophes were initially used for all sounds for which there is no direct equivalent in the Latin alphabet : a ' g' i ' n' o ' s' c ' u' y ' . Note that the grapheme c ' follows s ' in alphabetical order and not b as generally expected . (The grapheme c is not used.)
In spring 2018, however, this Latin alphabet was slightly modified again and the apostrophes were mostly replaced by accents . So for a 'now á occurs . As the table shows, this principle also applies to the other graphemes supplemented with an apostrophe. In addition, the sounds [ʃ] and [ʧ], which were previously symbolized by s 'and c', have been replaced by the diagraphs sh and ch .
Ancient writing systems
The following writing systems were also used earlier in Kazakhstan, but no longer have any special meaning for the Kazakhs:
Runic script
Orkhon runes are very similar to Germanic runes . They are read from right to left, while Germanic runes, on the contrary, are read from left to right. This writing system was used in some areas of Kazakhstan from the fifth to the tenth centuries. The language of the inscriptions was the language of the Kök Turks .
Text example
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
| Kazakh text | German text | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic script | Arabic writing | Latin script from 2018 | Latin script before 2017 | |
| Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, істым алтан -асжрмаратын -асж бауырмаратын -асж бауырмаратын -асрмалтын -асқрмаратын - |
بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات ، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن ، سوندىقتان ولار ءبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىسىقتىق ، باۋىارمالن باۋىد سترم.
|
Barlyq adamdar týmysynan azat jáne qadir-qasıeti men quqyqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis. | Barlıq adamdar tumasınan azat jane qadir-qasiyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp Düniyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan recover, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen tuwıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tiyis. | All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should meet one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Individual references and sources
- ↑ Will the Kazakhs soon be writing in Latin? - Fourth font reform planned within 100 years. Neues Deutschland - Sozialistische Tageszeitung, January 24, 2013, accessed on May 3, 2014 .
- ↑ Galia Idojatowa: Президент Турции Гюль в Астане уговаривает Н.Назарбаева перейти на латинский алфавит. ( Memento of the original from September 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. [ Turkish President Gül convinces N. Nazarbayev in Astana to switch to the Latin alphabet. ] Article on CentrAsia.ru of December 14, 2007 (in Russian)
- ↑ a b О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику ( Russian ) Kazakh presidential administration. October 25, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
- ↑ Kazakhstan switches to the Latin alphabet , derStandard.at, October 27, 2017, accessed on November 6, 2017
- ↑ Нет диграфов, есть умлаут, бревис и седиль. Как предлагают менять новый казахский алфавит на латинице . InformБЮРО. November 14, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ↑ Minglang Zhou: Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002 (= Contributions to the sociology of language . Band 89 ). Mouton de Gruyter, 2003, ISBN 3-11-017896-6 , pp. 149 ( full text in Google Book Search).
- ^ Paul Bartlett: Kazakhstan: Moving forward with plan to replace Cyrillic with Latin alphabet. ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Web article on eurasianet.org dated September 3, 2007 (accessed April 3, 2015)
- ↑ Kazakhstan should be in no hurry in Kazakh alphabet transformation to Latin. ( Memento from July 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Short message in Kazinform from December 13, 2007
- ↑ Cyrillic-Kazakh version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN Human Rights Charter) on Wikisource
