Kastus Kalinouski
| Cyrillic ( Belarusian ) | |
|---|---|
| Кастусь Каліноўскі | |
| Łacinka : | Kastuś Kalinoŭski |
| Transl. : | Kastus' Kalinoŭski |
| Transcr. : | Kastus Kalinouski |
| Cyrillic ( Russian ) | |
| Константин Семёнович Калиновский | |
| Transl .: | Konstantin Semënovič Kalinovskij |
| Transcr .: | Konstantin Semjonowitsch Kalinowski |
Wincenty Konstanty Kalinowski (born January 21, jul. / 2. February 1838 greg. In Mostowlany in Grodno , † March 10 jul. / 22. March 1864 greg. In Vilnius ) a nobleman and one of the leaders was the Belarusian national liberation movement around the middle of the 19th century, leader of the January uprising 1863–64 in the area of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania , as well as a publicist and poet. Kalinouski called himself a Lithuanian, but spoke Belarusian .
Life
Kalinouski attended a school of the lower nobility in the city of Svislatsch , which he graduated in 1855. He finished his studies at the University of Saint Petersburg in 1860 as a doctor of law. In 1861 he returned to Belarus, but, as he was considered "politically unreliable", could not find a job. During this time he also created a democratically oriented revolutionary organization together with others.
In the Hrodna region in particular , Kalinouski actively called for the fight against autocracy and serfdom . He turned against the exploitation and oppression of the people by tsarist bureaucrats. From 1862 to the beginning of 1863, together with his friend Walery Antoni Wróblewski and the Belarusian poet Feliks Raschanski , he published the magazine " Мужыцкая праўда " ( Eng . " The Peasant Truth "), which had become legendary in Belarus and which was forbidden and represented revolutionary-democratic views. Although only seven issues of this magazine appeared, it had a decisive influence on the development of a national liberation movement and thus also for the January uprising . Kalinouski was the author of most of the articles, but also the editor of the magazine.
He was arrested in January 1864 and executed in Vilnius in March of the same year .
plant
Kalinouski wrote down his political and ideological legacy while he was still in prison. These texts could be smuggled out of prison and went down in Belarusian cultural history under the title "Лісты з-пад шыбеніцы" (English: letters from under the gallows ).
In his work, Kalinouski described the extremely difficult social situation of the Belarusian peasants and drew attention to the injustice of serfdom. Kalinouski campaigned for the establishment of a completely new state order, independent from the Russian Empire ; He started from the principle that justice and prosperity could be established only through the complete liberation of the people. Kalinouski also underlined the importance of school education, but also of higher education in the mother tongue (in this case Belarusian, which was forbidden in the tsarist empire) for the reorganization of society as he wanted it to be.
"From the gallows I am writing to you, the people, that you will only be happy when Moscow is no longer over you."
Aftermath
Kalinouski's publications had a great impact on the development of the Belarusian language, as well as on Belarusian nationalism. In 1928 the silent film Kastus Kalinouski , which commemorates the revolutionary and directed by Vladimir Rostislavowitsch Gardin , was released. Under Josef Stalin Kalinouski was slandered as a bourgeois nationalist , which led to all references to him being deleted from textbooks. He was later rehabilitated as a revolutionary democrat in the Soviet Union . As a result, some streets were named after him and works of art were created in his honor. The government of President Aljaksandr Lukashenka tries to downplay the importance of Kalinouski for the history of Belarus and portrays him as an anti-Russian extremist . During the protests in the course of the presidential election in Belarus in 2006 , the demonstrators symbolically renamed October Square in Minsk to Kalinouski Square .
Web links
- Information on Kalinouski from the Society for Belarus. Language (Belarusian)
- Short biography Kalinouski (Belarusian)
- biographical demolition (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Dirk Holtbrügge : Belarus. 2nd edition, Munich, Beck, 2002. p. 36
- ↑ a b c Vitali Silitski, Jan Zaprudnik: The A to Z of Belarus. Scarecrow Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8108-7200-4 . P. 166f.
- ↑ Quoted from Felix Ackermann : “The Republic of Belarus is more than Belarus. And their independence begins with the name of the country ” , NZZ, January 11, 2020.
- ↑ Kastus Kalinouski in the Internet Movie Database (English)
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Kalinouski, Kastus |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Каліноўскі, Кастусь (Belarusian); Kalinouski, Kanstanzin Wikenzi; Kalinowski, Konstantin |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Belarusian revolutionary, publicist and poet |
| DATE OF BIRTH | February 2, 1838 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Mostowlany near Grodno |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 22, 1864 |
| Place of death | Vilna |