Small barrel snail
| Small barrel snail | ||||||||||||
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Small cone snail ( Sphyradium doliolum ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Sphyradium | ||||||||||||
| Charpentier , 1837 | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the species | ||||||||||||
| Sphyradium doliolum | ||||||||||||
| ( Bruguière , 1792) |
The small barrel snail ( Sphyradium doliolum ), also known as the small barrel snail , is a type of snail from the family of the barrel snail (Orculidae), which belongs to the subordinate class of the terrestrial lung snail (Stylommatophora). It is the only species of the genus Sphyradium Charpentier, 1837,
features
The cylindrical case is 4.5 to 6 mm high and 2 to 2.5 mm wide. It has 7½ to 9 slightly arched turns, which are separated from each other by a shallow seam. The housing reaches its greatest width in the upper third and then tapers towards the mouth over the last three passages. The end turn rises slightly towards the mouth. Towards the apex it is hemispherical. The surface of the case is matt-glossy, horn-colored and only slightly transparent. It is widely ribbed, the ribs are lamellar in fresh specimens with a well-preserved periostracum. The spacing of the ribs increases on the turns formed last. The edge of the mouth is widened or bent and strongly thickened by a white lip; it is interrupted in the parietal area. The egg-shaped to almost round mouth shows a central parietal fold, rarely an angular tubercle and two columellar folds, which are not clearly separated from each other. Juvenile specimens have an open umbilicus up to four or five turns, in adults it is closed.
The radula has 18 teeth in a half row; the central tooth is three-pointed, the lateral teeth also three-pointed and the marginal teeth three- to six-pointed. In the genital apparatus, the hermaphroditic gland consists of seven small tufts. The hermaphroditic duct is very strongly folded in an S-shape. The albumin gland is very small and has a shaggy surface. The spermoviduct is strongly flattened, the prostate comparatively wide. The free fallopian tube is comparatively very long, but the vagina is quite short. The stem of the spermathec is long, the bladder itself elongated ovoid. In the male part of the sexual apparatus, the penis is relatively long. There is a long appendix at the transition to the epiphallus . At the junction of the appendix, the penis is connected to a distal part of the epiphallus by a muscle cord. As a result, the proximal penis and the distal part of the epiphallus form a loop. In the further course of the penis (or epiphallus) another blind sac follows. The proximal part of the epiphallus is greatly thickened. The epiphallus / penile retractor muscle attaches to the end of the thickened part. The spermatic duct separates from the spermoviduct at the distal end of the prostate, it is not very twisted.
Similar species
The species and genus differ from the other genera of the Orculinae by the sexual apparatus; a special penile appendix is formed in the male part, which is absent in the other genera.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The main distribution area of the species is in southern and southeastern Europe; overall it stretches from the Pyrenees in the west to northern Iran , and Turkmenistan in the east. In Germany, the northernmost deposit is at Porta Westfalica , further to the east there are deposits in southern Poland , in the Crimea and in the Caucasus ( Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia and Russia ). In Switzerland it rises to 1,400 m, in Bulgaria to 1,900 m above sea level.
The small barrel snail lives in forests under the leaf litter or between rubble, in dry stone walls, often also at springs. It prefers warm and rather dry habitats, often, but not exclusively, on limestone soils. At higher altitudes it can be found more in open terrain.
Taxonomy and systematics
The species was first described in 1792 by Jean-Guillaume Bruguière as Bulimus doliolum . It is the type species and currently the only species of the genus Sphyradium de Charpentier, 1837. The definition as a type species is made in 1860 by Johann Christoph Albers and Eduard von Martens . A more recent objective synonym is Scyphus Monterosato in Ceccioni, 1908, since this genus is based on the same type species.
The taxa, Sphyradium doliolum klemmi Altimira, 1959 and Sphyradium doliolum turcica Letourneux, 1884, which were previously secreted as separate subspecies , are now regarded as synonyms. The taxon Sphyradium dobrogicum Grossu described from Romania , 1986, later added to the genus Orcula , is now considered a synonym for Sphyradium doliolum .
Danger
The species is considered endangered in northern Switzerland, and "only" endangered in southern Switzerland. In Germany it is endangered (category 2).
supporting documents
literature
- Bogon, Klaus 1990: Land snails biology, ecology, biotope protection. 404 p., Natur Verlag, Augsburg ISBN 3-89440-002-1 (p. 114/5)
- Rosina Fechter, Gerhard Falkner: Mollusks. 287 p., Mosaik-Verlag, Munich 1990 (Steinbach's Nature Guide 10) ISBN 3-570-03414-3 (p. 146)
- Jürgen H. Jungbluth and Dietrich von Knorre: Common names of land and freshwater mollusks in Germany (Gastropoda et Bivalvia). Mollusca, 26 (1): 105-156, Dresden 2008 ISSN 1864-5127
- Michael P. Kerney, Robert AD Cameron & Jürgen H. Jungbluth: The land snails of Northern and Central Europe. 384 pp., Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin 1983 ISBN 3-490-17918-8 (p. 103)
- Lajos Soós: On the systematic anatomy of the Hungarian pulmonate. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15: 1–165, Budapest 1917. Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 146)
On-line
Individual evidence
- ^ Yaroslav I. Starobogatov: Biogeography and Ecology of Turkmenistan. Monographiae Biologicae, 72, Fauna and Zoogeography of Molluscs of Turkmenistan, pp. 535-543, 1994
- ^ Robert AD Cameron, Beata M. Pokryszko, Michal Hors: Land Snail Faunas in Polish Forests: Patterns of Richness and Composition in a Post-Glacial Landscape. Malacologia, 53 (1): 77-134, 2010 doi : 10.4002 / 040.053.0105
- ↑ AA Bajdashnikov: The Morphological Reason for the Stenobionticity of Clausiliidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). Vestnik Zoologii, 37 (6): 49-63, 2003 PDF
- ↑ Beata M. Pokryszko, Robert AD Cameron, Levan Mumladze, David Tarkhnishvili: Forest snail faunas from Georgian Transcaucasia: patterns of diversity in a Pleistocene refugium. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 102: 239–250, 2011 doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.2010.01575.x (p. 243)
- ↑ Caucasian Land Snails Biozentrum Grindel + Zoological Museum Hamburg ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Jean-Guillaume Bruguière: Encyclopédie méthodique. Histoire naturelle des vers. Tome premier. [ABE-CON]. 3 + XVIII + 757 S., Paris, Panckoucke, 1792 Online at GDZ - Göttingen Digitization Center .
- ^ Jean de Charpentier: Catalog des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Suisse. Formant la seconde partie de la faune Helvétique. New memoranda of the General Swiss Society for the Whole Natural Sciences - Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles, 1 (2): 1-28, Neuchatel 1837. Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 15)
- ^ Johann Christoph Albers, Eduard von Martens: The helices according to natural relationship systematically arranged by Joh. Christian Albers. Second edition based on the manuscript that was left behind, obtained from Eduard von Martens. S. I-XVIII, 1-359, Leipzig, Engelmann, 1860 Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 295).
- ↑ C. Altimira: Contribución al conocimiento de la Fauna Malacológica de la provincia de Tarragona. Miscelánea Zoológica, 1: 89–95, 1959 (p. 91, Fig. 2)
- ^ Alberto Martínez-Ortí, Francesc Uribe: Molluscan type specimens in the Natural Science Museum of Barcelona and the Natural History Museum of Valencia. Arxius de Miscellània Zoològica, 6: 1–156, 2008 PDF ( Memento of the original from March 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Barna Páll-Gergely, Tamás Deli, Atanas Irikov, Josef Harl: Subgeneric division of the genus Orcula Held 1837 with remarks on Romanian orculid data (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Orculidae). Zookeys, 301: 25-49, 2013 doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.301.5304
- ↑ H. Turner, M. Wüthrich, J. Rüetschli: Red list of endangered molluscs in Switzerland. 82 pp., 1994 PDF
- ↑ Jürgen Jungbluth, Dietrich von Knorre: Red list of internal mollusks [snails (Gastropoda) and mussels (Bivalvia)] in Germany. 6. Revised and extended version 2008. Communications of the German Malacoological Society, 81: 1–28, Frankfurt a. M., May 2009 PDF (p. 22)
