Coupling
A coupling is a small, handle-free drinking bowl made of ceramic , glass or metal for tea or coffee from Asia , which reached European courts around 1700.
history
In 1672 commercial travelers brought the first coffee beans to the Dresden court. Back in the Ottoman Empire, coffee was drunk from small bowls. The introduction of coffee to Europe went hand in hand with increased efforts to produce white porcelain based on the Chinese model. Until the development of European hard porcelain by Johann Friedrich Böttger in 1708, European rulers obtained Chinese porcelain , preferably from Jingdezhen .
With the coffee and tea services based on the East Asian model, the small drinking bowls with the associated bowls also came into fashion in Europe. The services were often complemented with a large bucket, called Kumme in which the tea cups were rinsed out.
"Thée bowls or bowls, being thin and clear, round bowls made of porcelain, with small pointed bowls with their corresponding bowls, from which the woman tends to drink tea."
The first documented delivery of tea cups and the corresponding rinsing vessels from the Meissen porcelain factory to the Saxon court is documented in 1713. In the following years, the cups for tea were often designed as flat bowls, those for coffee as bell-shaped cups. The high stand ring made it easier to handle the hot vessel.
As early as 1732, 24,000 cups were made in Meißen for export to the Ottoman Empire. The so-called Turkenkoppchen with a special pseudo-Chinese manufacturer's mark were brought to the oriental market by Meissen mainly via Vienna . Koppchen were not only made in Meißen, but also in most European porcelain factories over the next few decades, such as the Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur , Fürstenberg (since 1755), Nymphenburg (at the latest since 1764) and Frankenthal .
The cups were preferably decorated with gold tendril cartouches , chino series and floral elements. Landscapes were also popular, painted in suitable reserves and framed by a purple, turquoise or mint colored background . The landscapes were executed, among other things, as black solder or iron red painting , in purple or grisaille .
In addition to the porcelain painters working in the factories, external house painters also decorated white porcelain bowls that they obtained from the factories. Ignaz Preissler in Breslau and Johann and Franz Matthias Willandt in Regensburg , who employed over 300 porcelain painters, were among the best-known house painters . The Saxon court in Augsburg had the porcelain heads enamelled or refined with gold and silver mountings. The works from the Augsburg workshop of Johann Aufenwerth and Abraham and Bartholomäus Seuter were particularly valued at European courts.
As a result of the Napoleonic wars and the loss of power of the Ottoman Empire, sales of Koppchen broke into the Orient at the beginning of the 19th century. Since the middle of the 18th century, the little cups were increasingly being replaced by coffee and tea cups with a handle, which Johann Joachim Kaendler first designed in Meißen in 1735.
Couples in the 21st century
The early Koppchen from Europe are in great demand in the art trade today and are sold for several thousand euros . Unmarked vessels decorated by house painters are special rarities.
literature
- Gustav Pazaurek: German faience and porcelain house painters , Leipzig, 1925, Volume 11, pp. 358–371.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Stilkunde: Koppchen 18th century. In: WELTKUNST, the art magazine of ZEIT . December 7, 2016 ( weltkunst.de [accessed November 24, 2017]).
- ^ Beatrix Freifrau von Wolff Metternich; Manfred Meinz : The Fürstenberg porcelain factory . Ed .: Richard Borek Foundation and Foundation Nord LB. tape 1 . Prestel, Munich / Berlin / London / New York, ISBN 3-7913-2921-9 , pp. 504 .
- ^ Beatrix Freifrau von Wolff Metternich; Manfred Meinz: The Fürstenberg porcelain factory . Ed .: Richard Borek Foundation and Foundation Nord LB. tape 1 . Prestel, Munich / Berlin / London / New York, ISBN 3-7913-2921-9 , pp. 73 .
- ↑ Bayerischer Rundfunk: Koppchen and sugar bowl: Asian miniatures | BR.de . May 1, 2010 ( br.de [accessed November 25, 2017]).
- ↑ Object archive: Koppchen. Retrieved November 25, 2017 .
- ↑ Bayerischer Rundfunk: Cup with saucer: Goldiges Erbstück | BR.de . January 26, 2012 ( br.de [accessed November 26, 2017]).
- ↑ Hans-Bernd Böttger: Teelexikon . 2010, ISBN 978-3-86805-788-1 , pp. 112 .
- ↑ Bayerischer Rundfunk: Meissen Koppchen: A European treasure | BR.de . September 4, 2012 ( br.de [accessed November 25, 2017]).