Frankenthal porcelain

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Three shaped pieces from an extensive dining service for Johannes von Jenner , Frankenthaler Porzellan, around 1782

The Frankenthaler porcelain is porcelain , which in the porcelain factory in the Palatinate Frankenthal was made.

history

On May 26, 1755, the Strasbourg porcelain manufacturer Paul Hannong received the privilege of setting up a porcelain factory from Elector Karl Theodor (Palatinate and Bavaria) . He had been producing porcelain in Strasbourg since 1751 . Because of the competition with French manufacturers, the French king banned further porcelain production in 1754. Hannong was thus able to start production in the Frankenthal Dragoon Barracks immediately. It was run by the Hannong family for seven years. It was under electoral administration for 37 years. Adam Bergdoll was the technical director from 1762 to 1770, followed by Hans Simon Feylner (Feilner) . Up to 100 people were employed in the factory. Of all the large German manufacturers, Frankenthal has the shortest service life. Production stopped in 1799. The owner Johann Nepomuk van Recum took molds to Grünstadt and opened the Grünstadt earthenware factory there . The official end of manufacture was on May 27, 1800 by a decree of the Bavarian Elector. In the 44 years of its existence, however, it has proven to be one of the most important porcelain manufacturers in Germany.

After the electoral court was relocated to Munich and the manufacture was abandoned in 1799, numerous shapes were transferred to the Nymphenburg manufacture . These shapes were reproduced here at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. They are provided with the CT mark in underglaze blue and the Nymphenburg diamond plate.

Brand panel

chronology

"Jagdgruppe" by Johann Friedrich Lück, Frankenthal around 1760
"Okeanus" by Franz Conrad Linck , Frankenthal around 1765
  • 1755: Establishment of the privileged manufacture by Karl Hannong in an empty barracks with Strasbourg workers
  • 1756: Elector Carl Theodor visits the factory (already goods worth 25,000 guilders)
  • 1757: Workers from Meissen are accepted
  • 1759: Establishment of a sales branch in Strasbourg
  • 1760: Disputes between Joseph Adam and his younger brother Peter Anton Hannong about the " Arkanum " (the secret production knowledge )
  • 1761: Business failures. Advances from the electoral general treasury in such an amount that repayment is not possible
  • 1762: Sale of the manufacture to the elector for 40,804 guilders, an additional 10,000 guilders for the "Arkanum"
  • 1762: Electoral officials take over the factory
  • 1762–1770: The manufactory's technical heyday
  • 1770: Instructions from the senior management to label all porcelain with the year
  • 1773: Porcelain lottery in the capital Mannheim
  • 1774: Use of local kaolin (mostly mixed Passau earth )
  • 1775: famous paint test plate in London
  • 1776: Magazine in Aachen, Basel, Frankfurt am Main, Livorno, Mainz, Munich and Nancy
  • 1794: Handover to Peter van Recum
  • 1795: New takeover as electoral manufacture under Simon Feylner
  • 1798: Handover to Johann Nepomuk van Recum
  • 1799: end of production

China brands

As a rule, the products were provided with a manufacture brand throughout the entire production period. Unmarked pieces are the exception. At the beginning of the manufacturing business (1755) porcelains were stamped with PH or PHF, the initials of the first manufacturer, Paul Hannong from Strasbourg . Marking with an underglaze blue mark began in the same year, first with the Wittelsbach diamond sign , then with the rising lion and the abbreviations of Paul Hannong (PH) or Johann Adam Hannong (JAH). From 1762, the marking with the elector's hat above the cipher of Carl Theodor (CT mark with electoral hat) and a mark was introduced. Every now and then a combination of manufacturer's mark, streak mark and incised mark can be seen. Painters, modelers and embossers were allowed to sign their pieces, they consist of one or more letters. The markings are painter's marks, years such as 70 - 88, 6,7,8 VIII, or the abbreviation of the manufacturer Adam Bergdoll (AB) all in underglaze blue. The painter's marks were sometimes also made in color, e.g. B. in iron red, black, purple or gold. After the van Recum family took over the manufacture (1795), the markings were made in underglaze blue VR or VRF. In addition to the manufactory marks, incised marks consisting of combinations of numbers and letters were also applied. There are now over 260 incised marks known. The production of the porcelain mass can be chronologically classified from the combination of incised marks and the manufacture mark:

CT AB 6, 7, 8, VIII: 1766-1768
CT 6, 7, 8, VIII: 1766-1768
CT 70 to CT 88: 1770-1788
CT two or three points: 1784–1788
CT with and without markings: until 1794
PVR leaseholder mark of Peter van Recum: 1794 - November 1795
CT with underglaze blue mark F for Simon Feylner: 1795 - December 1797
Incroyables et merveilleuses , signed with CT and Kurhut and F for Simon Feylner, Frankenthal 1797
VRF for tenant Johann Nepomuk van Recum: 1798–1799

For technical reasons, the painting followed about six months later.

Porcelain artist

Numerous great porcelain artists of the manufactory are known by name through Anna Maus' s book with regard to their life data during the creative period in Frankenthal. She compiled the data of employees of the manufactory mainly from church registers, manufactory files and files of the city of Frankenthal. Some of the artists are particularly noteworthy:

Modellers:

  • Johann Wilhelm Lanz , model master, in Frankenthal from 1755 to 1761, then to Paris with Peter Hannong?
  • Carl Gottlieb Lück, master modeler, trained in Meissen, 1758 in Höchst, 1756 until his death in 1776 in Frankenthal.
  • Johann Friedrich Lück, model master, in Meissen until 1741, in Höchst until 1758, in Frankenthal until 1764. Carl Gottlieb and Johann Friedrich Lück are brothers, and a street in Frankenthal is named after them. In the Höchst files they are named: "the two Saxon modelers with their boys".
  • Franz Conrad Linck , master model, 1762 to 1766 master model in Frankenthal.
  • Johann Peter Melchior , 1779 in Höchst, 1779 to 1797 in Frankenthal, then until his death in Nymphenburg
  • Adam Bauer, 1777/78 model master in Frankenthal.
  • Peter Anton von Verschaffelt sporadically, 1776 to 1780

Bossierer: In addition, 13 bossers are known by name, partly also with their signature. These are porcelain workers who assemble porcelain from individual parts before firing and bring it into its final shape.

Painter:

  • Michael Apel, from 1755 with Paul Hannong from Haguenau , until his death in 1785 in Frankenthal, flowers, animals and landscapes, signature: AP
  • Andreas Oettner, 1755–1756 Vienna, 1756–1757 Nymphenburg, 1759 Frankenthal, 1759–1761 Ludwigsburg, 1763-1766 Höchst, 1767–1771 Fürstenberg, then Weesp and Vienna, battle painter
  • Andreas Handschuh, probably with Paul Hannong from Haguenau in 1755, in Frankenthal until his death in 1789, blue painter, flowers and animals, signature: HS
  • Bernhard Magnus , apprenticeship in Höchst, from 1762 until his death in 1798 in Frankenthal, battle and rural scenes. Signature: mainly BM, BM pinxt, Bernhard Magnus
  • Jakob Osterspey, 1759 until his death in 1782 in Frankenthal, putti, mythological scenes and landscapes, signature: Os, Oc also Osterspey
  • Christian Heinrich Winterstein, until 1762 in Höchst, then registered in Frankenthal until 1789, died in Mannheim in 1795 after fleeing from revolutionary troops. Kauffahrtei- and harbor scenes, signature: Winterstein

Note : the list of signatures does not claim to be complete. A comprehensive review of the painters and their signatures can be found in Jarosch. An extensive list of the painters and their signatures can also be found in Beaucamp-Markowsky.

Collections

Collections of Frankenthal porcelain can be found in the Reiss-Engelhorn Museums in Mannheim, in the Kurpfälzisches Museum in Heidelberg , in the Historical Museum of the Palatinate in Speyer, in the Bavarian National Museum in Munich, in the Grand Ducal Hessian Porcelain Collection in Darmstadt , in the Erkenbert- Museum of the City of Frankenthal , in Benrath Palace (Düsseldorf) and in the Berlin Museum of Decorative Arts . Works by the brothers Paul and Johann Adam Hannong are exhibited in the Strasbourg Museum of Decorative Arts . In Musée du pain d'épice (Gingerbread Museum) of Gertwiller numerous works of Paul, Joseph and Karl Franz Hannong are also on display.

Frankenthaler forms after the closure of the production plant and forgeries

  • Grünstadt : Johann Nepomuk van Recum acquired some of the Frankenthal molds around 1800 and took them to his faience factory, later an earthenware factory, in Grünstadt. Initially, the molds could not be used, the soft faience mass was not suitable for this. Figures were made in Grünstadt with the earthenware mass produced between 1818 and 1854. The models are not marked.
  • Nymphenburg: In 1797, Frankenthal molds were saved to Mannheim and a little later left to the Nymphenburg porcelain manufactory . Soon afterwards they were destroyed as obsolete. After 1900, the manufactory succeeded in acquiring Frankenthal molds from the holdings of Palatinate museums. Their shapes were marked with the CT monogram or the rising lion, JAH monogram and the year of manufacture in underglaze blue, in addition, the pieces were provided with the Nymphenburg diamond plate, model number and number of the former.
  • Mannheim: The Rheinische Porzellanfabrik Mannheim acquired some original molds from Grünstadt holdings in 1905. The resulting new shapes were marked underglaze blue with the CT mark or the JAH monogram. The actual brand RPM was mostly left out.
  • Frankenthal: The porcelain factory Friedrich Wessel produced porcelain around 1950, the shapes of which came from the porcelain factories in Volkstedt-Rudolstadt and were given the CT mark. There are no similarities to Frankenthal's treasure trove of forms.
  • Paris: The company Samson, Edmé et Cie Paris produced porcelain in the middle of the 19th century and provided the pieces with the CT mark, mostly in gold.

literature

  • See also the list of porcelain manufacturers and manufacturers
  • Theodor Graesse: Guide for collectors of porcelain and faience. 23rd edition. Braunschweig 1974, p. 444.
  • Anna Maus: The porcelain makers of the Frankenthal manufactory. Speyer 1963.
  • S. Schwarz: On the history of the Frankenthal porcelain factory, according to the files of the district archive. In: Communications of the Historical Association of the Palatinate. Volume 12, 1884.
  • Friedrich H. Hofmann: Frankenthal porcelain. Munich 1911.
  • Emil Heuser: Porcelain from Strasbourg and Frankenthal. Neustadt, 1922. (Reprinted from 1988)
  • Carl Ludwig Fuchs: The Solitaires of the Frankenthal Manufactory. Heidelberg 1993.
  • Barbara Beaucamp-Markowsky: The Frankenthal Porcelain Manufactory. In: Wieczorek, Probst, König (ed.): Lust for life and piety. Elector Carl Theodor between the Baroque and the Enlightenment. Regensburg 1999.
  • Claus Reimann: The incised marks on porcelain from the Frankenthal manufactory. In: Edgar J. Hürkey (Ed.): The art of making porcelain. Exhibition catalog. Frankenthal 2005.
  • Claus Reimann: Les Incoyables et Merveilleuses, fashionable escapades on Frankenthal porcelain. In: Keramos. Issue 217, July 2012, p. 43 ff.
  • Carl Ludwig Fuchs: The vases of the Frankenthal manufactory. Heidelberg 2005.
  • Edgar J. Hürkey (Ed.): The art of making porcelain. Exhibition catalog. Frankenthal 2005.
  • Alexa-Beatrice Christ: Frankenthal porcelain. The holdings of the Grand Ducal Hessian Porcelain Collection. Stuttgart 2006.
  • Barbara Beaucamp-Markowsky: Frankenthal porcelain. Volume 1: The Plastic. Munich 2008.
  • Barbara Beaucamp-Markowsky: Frankenthal porcelain. Volume 2: Archives. Munich 2009.
  • Barbara Beaucamp-Markowsky: Frankenthal porcelain. Volume 3: The dishes. Munich 2014.
  • Foundation Schloss, Park Benrath (ed.): Courtly treasures from the Frankenthal porcelain factory in the collection of Schloss Benrath, Wettin (Dößel). 2009.
  • Keramos. Issue No. 217, July 2012, p. 43 ff.

Web links

Commons : Frankenthaler Porzellan  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Porzellanmanufaktur Frankenthal  - sources and full texts

Remarks

  1. ↑ Anna Maus, Die Porzellaner der Manufaktur Frankenthal , Speyer 1963, p. 37: mentioned as Feylner in the death register and in the lists of employees.
  2. ↑ The mark for Simon Feylner 1795–1797 cannot be found in standard literature; it is the result of the latest research.
  3. ↑ A. Maus: The porcelain makers of the Frankenthal manufactory. 1963, p. 84.
  4. ^ Barbara Beaucamp-Markowsky: Frankenthaler porcelain. Volume 1, Munich 2008, p. 65 ff.
  5. ^ Barbara Beaucamp-Markowsky: Frankenthaler porcelain. Volume 1, Munich 2008, p. 67 ff.
  6. ^ Edgar Hürkey: The art of making porcelain, Frankenthaler Porzellan 1755–1800. Frankenthal 2005, p. 50.
  7. ↑ Walter Jarosch In: E. Hürkey: The art of making porcelain. 2005, p. 34 ff.
  8. ^ Barbara Beaucamp-Markowsky: Frankenthaler porcelain. Volume 1, Munich 2008, p. 68 ff.
  9. ↑ Stoneware factory Grünstadt, Altertumsverein Grünstadt , 1985, p. 17 ff.
  10. ^ Barbara Beaucamp-Markowsky: Frankenthaler porcelain. Volume 1, Munich 2008, p. 53 ff.