Peace of Lübeck
Lübeck Peace , or Peace of Lübeck , was a peace treaty that was concluded on May 12th during the Thirty Years War between the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark . / May 22, 1629 greg. was closed in Lübeck .
prehistory
The peace was preceded by the mobilization of troops under King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway , who as Duke of Holstein and colonel of the Lower Saxon Empire tried to expand his supremacy in northern Germany. In addition to his territorial ambitions, he also listed religious interests in order to get help from Protestant princes.
In the spring of 1625 he received the troops he needed and marched into Saxony , where he encountered relatively little resistance. Only after a year did Christian encounter noteworthy resistance. Wallenstein had raised a large mercenary army for the Roman-German Emperor Ferdinand II from his own resources and was appointed commander-in-chief of all imperial troops. Together with the army of the Catholic League under Tilly , he succeeded in driving the Danish troops out of the north of the empire. Wallenstein had won his first victory on April 25, 1626 in the battle of Dessau and Tilly defeated the army of King Christian IV on August 27, 1626 in the battle of Lutter near Lutter am Barenberge . The armies then united, conquered the entire north of the empire and advanced as far as Denmark. King Christian IV had to flee, tried to avert his defeat in 1628 by attacks on the north German coast and finally agreed to peace negotiations in early 1629.
Terms of contract
On May 22nd, 1629 King Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lübeck. The following stipulations were made in five points in the peace treaty:
- The Danish king only interferes in affairs of the empire insofar as they concern him as Duke of Holstein and as imperial prince. Future disputes should be settled peacefully through negotiation or with the help of an arbitrator.
- Both sides waive compensation, and no one else in the kingdom is permitted to make such claims on the Danish king. Likewise, the Danish king makes no claims against anyone in the kingdom. The King of Denmark receives back the occupied Danish lands and the duchies and principalities in northern Germany given to him as a fief without payment. The imperial troops withdraw from these immediately.
- The prisoners on both sides are to be released immediately.
- The crowns of Spain, Poland, the Infanta of Brussels, the entire House of Austria, the electors and other estates of the empire as well as the crowns of England, France and Sweden and the States General of the Netherlands are to be contracting parties to peace.
- Various islands in the Baltic and North Sea are returned to the Principality of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf and the troops on these islands are withdrawn.
The Kingdom of Denmark was eliminated from the Thirty Years War.
consequences
The Peace of Lübeck is the most modest treaty of the Thirty Years War. Hellmut Diwald even calls it the only statesmanlike achievement that this epoch brought about. Christian became a steadfast supporter of the emperor and in 1643 even intervened on his side in the war against France and Sweden.
The peace treaty provoked various reactions in the empire. Wallenstein, who with Tilly had been authorized by Ferdinand II for the peace negotiations, shocked the environment in the empire, as nobody had expected the relatively mild peace conditions. His greatest enemy in the empire, Maximilian I , had the greatest reservations about this. During the whole course of the war he had already observed how Wallenstein was gaining influence through his army, and was now concerned “that the Duke of Friedland had no other dissegni than disarming the Catholic Union either completely and totally or at least noticeably. “He was right insofar as Wallenstein emerged from the Danish-Lower Saxon War as the only one with territorial growth, the Duchy of Mecklenburg .
The victory of the imperial league troops over the Danish king and his Protestant allies in the empire created the basis for the edict of restitution . Ferdinand II issued this on March 6, 1629 and ordered that the secularized areas of the empire that had fallen to Protestant imperial princes should be returned to the ecclesiastical Catholic princes.
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ Hellmut Diwald : Wallenstein. A biography. Ullstein TB-Verlag, Berlin 1987 (first 1969), ISBN 3-548-27550-8 , p. 415
- ↑ Joseph Polišenský: Wallenstein. General of the Thirty Years' War . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 1997, ISBN 978-3-412-30841-4 , p. 170 .
- ↑ Dieter Albrecht: Maximilian I of Bavaria 1573-1651 . DE GRUYTER, Berlin, Boston 1998, ISBN 978-3-486-83080-4 , p. 691 .