Laischaft Osnabrück
The Laischaften Osnabrück , originally Leischaften , were self-governing organizations of the Lower Saxon city of Osnabrück in the then Westphalian area in the late Middle Ages . The laischaften in Münster are similar . They are to be distinguished from the peasantry in Dortmund and from the shrine districts in Cologne .
Disambiguation
The term laischaft is probably based on letscipi ( old Saxon : peasantry ).
Elsewhere, the function of the lay community is assumed by the quarter , the community , the banner, the courtyard and the neighborhood .
Laischaften emerged in the late Middle Ages and replaced the parish administrative unit . The laischaften were often larger than the parish boundaries and radiated out to the neighboring urban area beyond the walls. They were named after church patrons, districts or the city gates .
They had no direct representation in the councils, but participated in the annual appointment of the councilors . Furthermore, they were responsible for judicial, military, security, extinguishing and taxation until modern times .
In Osnabrück there existed in the Middle Ages corresponding to the four old town districts in the so-called Binnenburg and Butenburg, as they are called there; their number later grew to eight. They got their name after the city gates through which the cattle were driven to the pastures between the city fortifications and the Landwehr. The Osnabrück Laischaften were first mentioned in a document in 1348 in the Sate , the city constitution, from whose time Handgiftentag is celebrated in the city to this day . The more independent Osnabrück became, the more the pasture industry grew and the lords, canons, canons, etc., were increasingly taken out of their hands by the citizens and lay people. However, this was not without tension and violent arguments broke out. The Rampendal uprising in 1430, the Lenethun uprising in 1489 and the Oberg uprising in 1525 testified to the land question of who had to say it in the pastureland.
Precise knowledge of the boundaries and authorizations was very important, and in order to avoid disputes, the Schnatgang was regularly carried out with general attention as an inspection of the borders in Osnabrück, for the first time in the Haselaischaft from 1587. The youth had to be there because they too had to get to know the exact demarcation. At a certain border point she got a slap in the face with the Low German words Kikes dat is and when she said: "Olle Use" . Then there was a celebration with kringel and beer. After the Thirty Years' War the lay families got greater rights and took on greater duties. In the 300-year history of the lay community, it changed from a pasture to a forest cooperative. The Laischaften built roads and paths, kept ditches clean, and the Heger Laischaft had installed the first modest street lighting. The unpopular guard duty of the citizens on the towers and the ramparts of the city fortifications was also laboriously maintained by the lay people. At the request of the magistrate, the Heger Laischaft purchased a new fire engine in 1722, which was in service until 1916. The Osnabrück laischaften had extinguished the fires in Osnabrück with their fire engines when there were no volunteer fire brigades .
On a map by Carl Hollenberg from 1822, six other Laischafts are shown: the Martinian Laischaft in the west, then in a clockwise direction the Heger Laischaft, the Natruper Laischaft, the Hazelaischaft, the Herrenteichslaischaft and in the south the Johannislaischaft, which because of its location in Neustadt Neustädter Laischaft or Neustädter vulgarity was called. The map goes back to the first precise cadastral map from 1787, drawn by Major Johann Wilhelm du Plat and his nephews Ernst Friedrich and Johann Heinrich Christian du Plat . In addition to the joint cultivation of their land, the lay families also devoted themselves to road construction, drainage and fire fighting in the following centuries; they supported the needy and set up foundations for churches as well as for health and education. Many developments have been documented to this day through records and files.
In the 19th century the gnats got less. Little by little, many of the Laischafts' grazing grounds were auctioned and sold. Nevertheless, the Schnatgang is maintained every seven years , most recently in 2018. Today the Schnatgang runs from the old town through the Heger Tor , along Lotter Strasse to the memorial stone in the wall by the former transport company. A stylized hand with the inscription "Heger Laischaft" is depicted in the memorial stone. It should remind of a local boundary stone. After the Schnatgang there is a big parade through the decorated old town, where you can see boards with hearty Low German sayings on the houses.
The Heger Laischaft and the Herrenteichslaischaft have survived in Osnabrück to this day. The lay holdings, which are now managed in the legal form of an association, manage, among other things, an extensive property in today's urban area. According to tradition, the chairmen of the association are still called accountants today.
Even today, two streets in the desert district are reminiscent of the old traditions: the Laischaftstrasse to the laischaften and the Schnatgang to the inspection of the laischaften. In the Sonnenhügel district there is also the Haselaischaftsweg .
Heger laischaft
The Heger Laischaft has been documented since 1560. It brought together the citizens who owned shares in Heger Holz, a forest that was then outside the city walls. They also managed common grazing grounds. The Heger Laischaft still organizes the Schnatgang , which became a traditional festival in the 19th century and is now associated with a seven-day festival. Schnat is the Low German term for border. During the Schnatgang, the boundaries of the jointly cultivated areas were paced and controlled. The greeting of the participants was and is "Olle use" (Everything ours). He gave its name to a traditional bar in Osnabrück. The Schnatgang is held every seven years, most recently in 2018. Today, the participants move to Heger Holz together; the old town quarter behind the Heger Tor is lovingly decorated for this occasion.
Today's Heger wood, a 300 year old forest, and the Natruper wood are parts of the Hegerlaischaft and popular excursion destinations for Osnabrück residents.
The Herrenteichslaischaft has been awarding a prize for scientific work in the field of the cultural and legal history of the Osnabrück area since 1993.
Herrenteichslaischaft
The Herrenteichslaischaft was first mentioned in a document in 1588. It supports projects in the city both ideally and financially. Since 1993, it has awarded a prize for scientific work that deals with the city's history or topics related to art, culture and science related to the city. In the second half of the 1990s, together with the City of Osnabrück, she called for a competition to design the forecourt of the Osnabrück Theater , the result of which was the sculpture Equal Weight - Balance there on October 7, 1998 in the 350th anniversary of the Peace of Westphalia by sculptor Joachim Bandau was unveiled. The sculpture was funded by the lay community.
The two lay communities also work together in their work for the good of the city. In 2004 the Herrenteichslaischaft donated money for the maintenance of a garden house from the 19th century in the Bürgerpark, which was converted into a student residence; The Heger Laischaft donated wood for the roof structure from the Heger wood.
literature
- Lothar Beinke: Laischaften in Osnabrück . In: Heimat-Jahrbuch Osnabrücker-Land 2015, pp. 128–138
- Karl Kühling : Olle Use - from the Osnabrück lay community and other things . Verlag H. Th. Wenner, Osnabrück 1975, ISBN 3-87898-093-0 .
- B.-U. Hergemöller: Leischaft, Laischaft . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Volume 5, Col. 1862-1863.
- Corpse . In: Former Academy of Sciences of the GDR, Heidelberg Academy of Sciences (Hrsg.): German legal dictionary . tape 8 , issue 7/8 (edited by Heino Speer and others). Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1989, ISBN 3-7400-0096-1 ( adw.uni-heidelberg.de ).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ B.-U. Hergemöller: Leischaft, Laischaft . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Volume 5, Col. 1862-1863.
- ↑ See sponsor: Herrenteichslaischaft Osnabrück ( Memento of the original from June 25, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , in: University of Osnabrück newspaper , issue No. 96/6 of December 10, 1996 (research, teaching, studies, p. 4).
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^ A b Karl Kühling: Laischaften and Schnatgang . In: Heimat-Jahrbuch , 1983, for Osnabrück Stadt und Land, p. 35.
Heger Laischaft . In: Osnabrücker Sonntagsblatt , July 15, 2001 - ↑ Heimat- Jahrbuch 1983, page 36.
- ^ Report: 450 years of Heger Laischaft
- ↑ Plan of the city and its districts. Osnabrück in the transition from the 18th to the 19th century . on osnabrueck.de.
- ↑ Osnabrück.de
- ↑ Publication of the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung ( memento of the original from June 25, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Elke Hergert: Artistic symbol for more tolerance: The Osnabrück sculpture by the sculptor Joachim Bandau . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF).
- ↑ University of Osnabrück newspaper from 2004 (PDF)
