List of rulers in the 4th century BC Chr.
Overview
6th century BC Chr. | 5th century BC Chr. | List of rulers in the 4th century BC Chr.
More events
This is a synchronous representation of the reigns of ancient rulers in the 4th century BC , visualized in the form of equally scaled timelines.
Carthaginian and Greek sphere of influence
Middle East
China
Remarks
The earliest Roman consuls are considered legendary. In the second half of the 5th century there are also historical figures in the consuls list. Many historians consider the records of the occupation of the consulate prior to 387 BC. Chr. As not trustworthy, partly also beyond. Since the occupation changed annually, a century-by-century representation is not included here, see list of the Roman consuls in the 4th century BC. Chr.
It is not known exactly which politicians ruled Syracuse during the oligarchic phase.
For Macedonia both the ruling guardians and deputies as well as the officially enthroned kings are given here. However, some names are missing, such as Alexander's brother Philip III. Arrhidaios , who was deemed incapable of governing. See list of the kings of Macedonia .
It is not known exactly since when Boteiras ruled Bithynia.
Of the Chinese states of the spring and autumn annals , only the larger principalities are listed.
For the period 400-300 BC there are further details about rulers that are not listed here for various reasons. These include mythical ancestral kings, but also rulers, who cannot be precisely fixed in time. See for example the lists of the kings of Ireland , Nubia , Byblos , Sparta , Armenia , the Scythians and Odrysians , of Magadha , Nanda and Maurya (in India), Vietnam , Korea and Japan .
Deputies and viceroys are only listed here if the territory they administer formed an independent state before or afterwards. This applies to Pontos , for example .
General
In the timeline, a gap of one year symbolizes that the transition between two rulers will be assumed around this time. If the transition period can be determined more precisely, this is indicated by a thinner line. Larger gaps between two names do not necessarily mean that there was no ruler; but indicate an uncertainty. If no colored bars are displayed, the relevant rulers cannot be dated more precisely according to the latest research. The representation does not claim to be complete.
General note: The years in this list cannot be precisely determined in some cases. Due to new archaeological findings, the state of research and current doctrine on dating can occasionally change abruptly. If more recent findings are incorporated, the source / place of discovery must be indicated and checked for simultaneity of rulers (this should be guaranteed according to archaeological evidence). The dating according to Beckerath (1994) is used for the information on Egyptian kings.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jürgen von Beckerath : Chronology of the Pharaonic Egypt. The timing of Egyptian history from prehistoric times to 332 BC BC (= Munich Egyptological Studies . Vol. 46). von Zabern, Mainz 1997.