List of rulers of Saba

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Below are two alternative lists of the rulers of the Kingdom of Sheba .

chronology

see: Chronology of South Arabia

Essentially, two doctrines have emerged:

  • the "long chronology"
At the end of the 19th century, Eduard Glaser and Fritz Hommel dated the beginning of the ancient South Arabian civilization to the late 2nd millennium BC. BC, this dating remained for a long time.
  • the "short chronology"
In 1955, Jacqueline Pirenne published a comparison of ancient South Arabian art with Greek art and came to the conclusion that the South Arabian civilization was not until the 5th century BC. Was created under Greek influence.
  • the "Mediating Chronology" (American excavations in Timna and Marib 1951–52)
merely sets the beginning of Qataban and Ma'in later than the "Long Chronology".

The Long Chronology gained more and more followers, primarily due to recent archaeological research results, such as the Italian in Yala / Hafari and the French in Shabwat . In the meantime, the majority of Sabaeans seem to agree with the Wissmanns “Long Chronology” .

Version 1
(English: Samahu 'Ali) approx. 750 BC Chr.
= Itamra ? around 715 BC Chr.
(English: Yathi'-amar Watar I.)?
(English: Yathi'-amar Watar II. )?
(English: Dhamar 'Ali Watar)?
(English: Samahu 'Ali Yanif I.)?
(English: Yathi'-amar Bayin I.)?
= Karibilu ? approx. 685 – approx. 675 BC Chr.
(according to an older census Karib'il Watar I. and
Karib'il Watar II .; also Karib'il Watar the Great)
(English: Yathi ')?
He was succeeded by his son Sha'ir Awtar.
(ruled after both Yazil Bayin and Sha'irum Awtar died)
Version 2
Mukarribs of the Sabeans
  • unknown 1200–800 BC Chr.

Mukkaribs from Saba

NEW * Karib'il I.

Father and predecessor of Yada'il Yanuf.
(English: Yada'il Yanif ben Kariba-il) approx. 755 – approx. 740 BC Chr.
Son of Yada'il Yanuf or Yada'il Bayyin I.
(English: Samahu 'Ali Darih I ben Yada'il Yanuf) approx. 740–715 BC Chr.
= Itamra ? around 715 BC Chr.
Son and successor of Sumuhu'ali Dharih or one
other sumuhu'ali; possibly identical to Itamra
(English: (Yathi'-amar Bayin I.) after 715 BC.
(English: Dhamar 'Ali I.) after 715 – before approx. 685 BC Chr.
= Karibilu ? approx. 685 – approx. 675 BC Chr.
(according to an older census Karib'il Watar I. and
Karib'il Watar II .; also Karib'il Watar the Great)
probably successor to Karib'il Watar I.
(English: Samahu'Ali I.) after 675 BC Chr.
(English: Yada'il Darih I.?)
(English: Samahu 'Ali Yanuf I.)?
(English: Darih)?
(English: Yathi'-amar Watar)?
Son of Yitha'amar I.
(English: Karib-il Bayin I.)?
Son of Karib'il Bayyin I.
(English: Dhamar 'Ali Watar)?
Son of Dhamar'ali Watar; Son and successor of Yitha'amar Bayyin II.
(English: Samahu'Ali Yanuf II. approx. 545 – approx. 525 BC)

Kings of Sheba

(English: Yathi'-amar Bayin II. approx. 525 – approx. 495 BC)
(English: (Yathi'-amar I.)

NEW: * Karib'il IV.

MITREGENT: Karib'il V.
(English: (Yathi'amar II.)
MITREGENT: Karib'il V.
After their death, Karib'il V ruled alone,
then together with his son Sumuhu'ali II.
Samahu'Ali II
His son and successor was Sumuhu'ali Yanuf III.
(English: Yada'il Bayin II.)
(English: Samahu'Ali Yanuf III.) approx. 410 – approx. 380 BC Chr. And:

NEW: * Yitha'amar Watar III.

Son and successor of Sumuhu'ali Yanuf III.
(English: (Yathi'-amar Bayin III.) before 320 BC.
(English: (Yathi'-amar Bayin IV.) before approx. 200 BC.
(English: (Yathi'-amar III.) before approx. 140 BC
(English: (Yathi'-amar Watar II.) approx. 10–20 AD

Gurat and Marib

These two nations were holdovers from Sheba
and both fell to Himyar in the 3rd century.

Gurat

approx. 85 - approx. 100 AD
approx. 100 - approx. 130 AD

Marib

4th century BC Chr.
after approx. 140 AD – before approx. 190 AD

NEW * 'Alhan Nahfan around 200 AD

He was succeeded by his son Sha'ir Awtar.
(English: Sahr Autar) approx. 190 – approx. 200

See also

  • Rulers of Saba and Himyar - a reconstruction of the lineage of the rulers of Saba and Himyar based on surviving inscriptions based on the work of Javad Ali

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Norbert Nebes classifies him shortly before Karib'il Watar I (around 685 BC) and therefore identifies him with the Sabaean ruler Itʾamar (or similar), who lived in 715 BC. According to an Assyrian text, brought tribute to the Neo-Assyrian ruler Sargon II.
  2. ↑ a b c Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 407 BC. Chr.
  3. ^ A b Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 695 BC. BC, Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 525 BC. Chr.
  4. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 660 BC. BC, Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 470–455 BC. Chr.
  5. ↑ His reign is mostly in the early 7th century BC. BC.
  6. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 775 BC. Chr., Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 820–810 BC. Chr. (...) However, it is not impossible that Karib'il I. can be identified with the important Mukarrib Karib'il Watar I., which is considered rather improbable.
  7. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 755 BC. BC, Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 810–790 BC. Chr. Is partially identified with Karib'il Watar I. (...) His son and successor, after Hermann von Wissmann, was Sumuhu'ali Dharih, Kitchen, on the other hand, considers an otherwise unknown Dhamar'ali, father of Yakrubmalik I, to be his successor.
  8. ^ Hermann von Wissmann and Kenneth A. Kitchen set it around 735 and 745–725 BC, respectively. Chr.
  9. ↑ Newly inserted here according to the information in the "Long Chronology"
  10. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 715 BC. BC, Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 545-525 BC. Chr.
  11. ↑ His reign is mostly in the early 7th century BC. BC.
  12. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 685 BC. Chr.
  13. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 660 BC. BC, Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 490-470 BC. Chr.
  14. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 660 BC. BC, Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 470–455 BC. Chr.
  15. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his rule around 556 BC. BC, Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 415–400 BC. Chr.
  16. ↑ He presumably ruled around 540 BC. Chr.
  17. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann put it around 528 BC. Chr.
  18. ^ Hermann von Wissmann continues his reign around 510 BC. BC, Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 365-350 BC. Chr.
  19. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 490 BC. Chr. He was probably the successor of Yitha'amar Bayyin II. (...) Successor was definitely Yada'il II.
  20. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 474 BC. Chr. He was probably the successor to Karib'il IV.
  21. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 445 BC. In contrast, Kenneth A. Kitchen identifies him with Karib'il Watar I.
  22. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 457 BC. Chr.
  23. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 445 BC. In contrast, Kenneth A. Kitchen identifies him with Karib'il Watar I.
  24. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his rule around 394 BC. BC, Kenneth A. Kitchen, however, around 440-425 BC. Chr.
  25. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 390 BC. Chr.
  26. ↑ Hermann von Wissmann continued his reign around 375 BC. Chr.

literature

  • Javad Ali: "The history of Arab nations before Islam" (Arabic, Persian)