List of military attachés of the German Reich

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The list of military attachés of the German Reich provides an overview of those who held the office of German military attaché during the period of the German Empire between 1871 and 1945. In the years up to 1890 there was hardly any willingness to use a separate attaché for the interests of the navies . It can therefore be assumed that this area was worked on by the military attaché / authorized representative until 1890/92. It was only from 1892/1894 onwards that we found the distinction between the military attaché and the naval attaché, which was then maintained until 1945, in clear form .

The list is arranged according to the states in which the attachés were nominated and includes e.g. Some of them also held the post of Prussian military attaché, from which the German military attaché post later emerged.

Belgium

Air Force Attaché

  • 1935 to 1937: Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, also military attaché for Belgium and Great Britain

Bulgaria

France

After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.

  • April 1, 1933 to September 30, 1938: Erich Kühlenthal
  • from 1937: Hans-Joachim von Horn , during this time he was also responsible for the duties of a military attaché in the Lisbon embassy.

Italy

After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.

Japanese Empire

Air Force Attaché

Yugoslavia

Mexico

The military attaché Mexico was also responsible for the United States and was based in Washington .

Netherlands

  • 1935 to 1937: Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg. Military attaché of Belgium and Great Britain, also air force attaché for Belgium.
  • 1940: Wilhelm Otzen

Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire

  • 1897 to 1901: Curt von Morgen , as a military attaché he mainly worked in Edhem Pascha's headquarters and in this position took part in the Turkish-Greek war.
  • 1901 to 1908: Erich von Leipzig (1860–1915), former military attaché Belgium
  • 1908 to 1913: Walter von Strempel (1867–1935)
  • 1913 to 1914: Karl August von Laffert , he was also a liaison officer to the Bulgarian army.
  • 1914: Erich von Leipzig
  • 1915 to 1918: Otto von Lossow , he had been seconded to the Ottoman Empire as a military instructor since 1911 and as a military representative from 1915.

From 1918 to 1924 there were no diplomatic relations with Turkey. For the period thereafter see military attachés for Turkey .

Poland

Air Force Attaché

  • June 1, 1938 to September 1, 1939: Alfred Gerstenberg , from July 1, 1938, he was also responsible for Romania.

Portugal

  • August 1, 1939 to October 1939: Hans von Funck , as military attaché, was also responsible for Spain from November 30, 1936.

Romania

  • 1902 to 1904: Maximilian von Mutius
  • 1908 to 1911: Ewald von Massow, at the same time he was nominated as military attaché to the German embassies in Belgrade and Sofia.
  • from April 21, 1916: Hans von Hammerstein-Gesmold, formerly military attaché for Bulgaria
  • 1933 to 1935 Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, was also responsible for Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. It was based in Prague.
  • from 1941: Emil Just

Air Force Attaché

  • July 1, 1938 to August 27, 1944: Alfred Gerstenberg, from June 1, 1938, he was also responsible for Poland. This responsibility ended on September 1, 1939.

Russian Empire

  • 1869 to 1886: Bernhard von Werder , in this position he took part in the Russian-Turkish war around 1886.
  • 1887 to 1893: Karl von Villaume
    • Assigned to military plenipotentiary from 1885 to 1893: Maximilian Graf Yorck von Wartenburg, formerly military attaché for Austria-Hungary

With the outbreak of World War I, the attaché position in the Russian Empire became obsolete. The tsarist empire ceased to exist in 1917. For the period after 1917, see Military Attachés in the Soviet Union .

Switzerland

  • 1918 to 1919: Victor Borosini von Hohenstern was based in Bern as a military attachè. Then moved to Zurich as head of the German embassy for press and passport matters.
  • from 1917: Werner von der Schulenburg
  • from April 1, 1933: Wolfgang Muff, his nomination as military attaché also took place for the German embassies in Vienna and Sofia.

Soviet Russia, Soviet Union and USSR

As early as 1921, a special military attaché post of the Reichswehr was created in Soviet Russia with its headquarters in Moscow, which existed until 1934 for military and armaments cooperation. The basis for this was the secret agreement concluded on March 15, 1922 for the activities of the special group R.

Spain

  • 1885 to 1887: Adolf von Deines
  • 1913 to 1919: Arnold Kalle
  • November 30, 1936 to October 1939: Hans von Funck, as military attaché, was also responsible for Portugal from August 1, 1939.
  • 1939 to 1941: Walter Bruns
  • 1941/1942: Günther Krappe
  • 1942/1943: Wilhelm Otzen
  • August 1943 to May 1945 Hans Doerr

Czechoslovakia

  • 1933 to 1935 Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, was also responsible for Yugoslavia and Romania. It was based in Prague.
  • 1938/1939: Rudolf Toussaint, later military attaché for Yugoslavia

Turkey

Air Force Attaché

  • 1940 to 1944: Erich Morell

On July 31, 1944, Turkey broke off diplomatic relations with the German Reich.

Hungary

United Kingdom of Great Britain)

In August 1914, the military attaché post in the United Kingdom was canceled due to the British declaration of war on the German Reich. After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.

Air Force Attachés

United States of America (USA)

After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.

literature

  • Manfred Kehring: The re-establishment of the German military attaché service after the First World War (1919–1933). Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein, 1966.
  • Heinrich Otto Meisner : Military attachés and authorized officers in Prussia and in the German Empire . Rütten & Loening Verlag , Berlin, 1957.
  • Hermann Teske : General Ernst Köstring. The military mediator between the German Reich and the Soviet Union 1921–1941. Publisher ES Mittler & Sohn, Frankfurt 1965

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Hans von Hammerstein-Gesmold: Germany, Romania and the World War: memories and considerations . Engelmann, 1919, p. 6 ( google.de [accessed June 14, 2020]).
  2. Jörn Hasenclever, Wehrmacht and Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union: The Commanders of the Rear Army Areas 1941–1943. Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2010. ISBN 978-3-506-76709-7 .
  3. ^ Helga Deininger: France, Russia, Germany, 1871-1891 , 1983, p. 329.
  4. ^ Helga Deininger: France, Russia, Germany, 1871-1891 , 1983, p. 328.
  5. ^ Heinrich Otto Meisner, Military Attachés and Plenipotentiaries in Prussia and in the German Empire, Rütten & Loening Verlag 1957, pp. 55ff.
  6. Axel Springer: Out of concern for Germany. Testimonials from a committed Berliner , 1980, p. 443.
  7. Michael Behnen: Armament, Alliance, Security. Triple Alliance and Informal Imperialism, 1900-1908 , 1985, p. 509.
  8. ^ Ralf Forsbach: Alfred von Kiderlen-wächter (1852–1912). A diplomatic life in the Kaiserreich , 1997, p. 560.
  9. a b c d "German military attachés are appointed", in: Daily Review of January 8, 1933.
  10. Manfred Zeidler: Reichswehr and Red Army, 1920–1933 , 1993, p. 367.
  11. Biography about Hans Joachim von Horn, Munzinger Archive, in: http://www.munzinger.de/document/00000008134
  12. Isabell V. Hull: The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888-1918 , p. 211.
  13. Michael Behnen: Armament, Alliance, Security. Triple Alliance and Informal Imperialism, 1900-1908 , 1985, p. 507.
  14. Thomas Schlemmer: The Italians on the Eastern Front 1942/43 , 2005, p. 166.
  15. Hans-Bernd Zöllner: Burma between "independence first, independence last" , 2000, p. 207.
  16. Christian W. Spang Karl Haushofer and his geopolitical theories in German and Japanese politics, monograph by the Institute for Japanese Studies, Volume 52, 2013, p. 81ff.
  17. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ed.): Advocate for the Doomed: The Diaries and Papers of James G. Mcdonald, 1932–1935 , 2007, p. 34.
  18. Leopold von Schötzer: Generalfeldmarschall Freiherr von Loë a military picture of time and life , 1914, p. 315.
  19. Bernd Felix Schulte: Before the outbreak of war in 1914. Germany, Turkey and the Balkans , 1980, p. 175.
  20. ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), p. 10.
  21. ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), p. 15.
  22. ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), p. 26.
  23. ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), pp. 13, 27.
  24. ^ Ulrich Sahm: Rudolf von Scheliha, 1897–1942 a German diplomat against Hitler , 1990, p. 51.
  25. Roland S. Kamzelak (Ed.): Harry Graf Kessler. Das Tagebuch 1880–1937 , 2004, p. 1060.
  26. Isabell v. Hull: The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918 , p. 211.
  27. Rainer Lahme: German Foreign Policy 1890-1894 , 1990, p. 73.
  28. ^ Gerhard Ebel: Ambassador Paul Graf von Hatzfeldt. Post-processed papers 1838-1901 , 1976, p. 1241.
  29. Commission for Neure history of Austria: Commission publications for newer history of Austria , the 1930th
  30. ^ Olaf Groehler, Suicidal Alliance. German-Soviet Military Relations 1920–1941, Vision Verlag Berlin 1992, pp. 33ff.
  31. a b Teske: General Ernst Köstring. The military mediator between the German Reich and the Soviet Union 1921–1941
  32. ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber: German Constitutional History since 1789 , 1984, p. 346.
  33. ^ Leo Stern, German Imperialism and the Second World War, Rütten & Loenig Verlag Berlin, 1962, p. 60
  34. Los lazos de Perón con el Tercer Reich. ¿Cuáles fueron los verdaderos nexos del fundador del justicialismo con los nazis? Sobre la base de cientos de documentos nunca antes analizados, Uki Goñi contesta ese interrogante en Perón y los alemanes, que Sudamericana lanza en estos días y del que adelantamos aquí fragmentos salientes; in. In: La Nacion. 27 September 1998
  35. Herrmann AL Degener (Ed.): Who is it ?, 10th edition, Berlin 1935
  36. Archived copy ( memento of the original from June 26, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bundesarchiv.de
  37. ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), p. 49.
  38. Jörn Hasenclever, Wehrmacht and Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union: The Commanders of the Rear Army Areas 1941–1943. Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2010. ISBN 978-3-506-76709-7 .
  39. ^ Nancy E. Johnson: Diary of Gathorne Hardy, Later Lord Cranbrook, 1866-1892 , 1981, p. 897.
  40. ^ Heinrich Otto Meisner, Military Attachés and Plenipotentiaries in Prussia and in the German Empire, Rütten & Loening Verlag 1957, pp. 55ff.
  41. ^ Gerhard Ebel (ed.): Ambassador Paul Graf von Hatzfeldt: Nachgelassene Papiere. 1838-1901 , 1976, p. 1241.
  42. Bernd Felix Schulte: Before the outbreak of war in 1914. Germany, Turkey and the Balkans , 1980, p. 177.
  43. ^ Heinrich Otto Meisner: Military attachés and military representatives in Prussia and in the German Empire , 1957, p. 80.
  44. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ed.): Advocate for the Doomed: The Diaries and Papers of James G. Mcdonald, 1932–1935 , 2007, p. 34.
  45. Jump up ↑ Joachim Petzold, Franz von Papen: a German Doom, Buchverlag Morgen, Munich 1995
  46. ^ Helmut Greiner: War Diary of the High Command of the Wehrmacht 1940–1945 , 1965, p. 1925.