List of military attachés of the German Reich
The list of military attachés of the German Reich provides an overview of those who held the office of German military attaché during the period of the German Empire between 1871 and 1945. In the years up to 1890 there was hardly any willingness to use a separate attaché for the interests of the navies . It can therefore be assumed that this area was worked on by the military attaché / authorized representative until 1890/92. It was only from 1892/1894 onwards that we found the distinction between the military attaché and the naval attaché, which was then maintained until 1945, in clear form .
The list is arranged according to the states in which the attachés were nominated and includes e.g. Some of them also held the post of Prussian military attaché, from which the German military attaché post later emerged.
Belgium
- 1899 to 1901: Erich von Leipzig (1860–1915), later military attaché of the Ottoman Empire
- 1901 to 1905: Detlof von Winterfeldt , later military attaché in France
- 1905/1906: Karl von Kageneck
- from 1913: Robert von Kleiber (1873–1919), he had his place of business in The Hague, but was also partly responsible as a military attaché for France.
- 1935 to 1937: Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg , also (since April 1933) military attaché in Great Britain
- October 1937 to May 1940: Friedrich-Carl Rabe von Pappenheim
Air Force Attaché
- 1935 to 1937: Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, also military attaché for Belgium and Great Britain
Bulgaria
- 1904 to 1908: Hans von Hammerstein-Gesmold
- 1908 to 1911: Ewald von Massow , at the same time he was nominated as a military attaché to the German embassies in Belgrade and Bucharest.
- 1916: Hans von Hammerstein-Gesmold
- from April 1, 1933: Wolfgang Muff , his nomination as military attaché also took place at the same time for the German embassies in Bern and Vienna, previously military representative for Austria-Hungary
- 1935 to 1937: Erich Friderici , was also a military attaché responsible for Hungary.
France
- 1870 to 1871: Alfred Graf von Waldersee
- 1878 to 1886: Karl von Villaume
- 1886 to 1891: Ernst von Hoiningen
- February 16, 1889 to July 1894: Richard von Süßkind-Schwendi
- December 10, 1891 to November 15, 1897: Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen
- November 2, 1897 to 1899: Richard von Süßkind-Schwendi
- February 1901 to 1905: Major von Hugo
- 1905 to 1909: Maximilian von Mutius
- 1909 to August 1914: Detlof von Winterfeldt, former military attaché in Belgium
After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.
- April 1, 1933 to September 30, 1938: Erich Kühlenthal
- from 1937: Hans-Joachim von Horn , during this time he was also responsible for the duties of a military attaché in the Lisbon embassy.
Italy
- 1878 to 1882: Karl von Villaume
- 1882 to 1895: Karl von Engelbrecht
- October 1895 to 1899: Albano von Jacobi
- 1899 to 1905: Oscar von Chelius
- 1905 to 1911: Arnold Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equort (1867–1933)
- 1911 to 1914: Alfred von Kleist
- from 1914: Major von Zitzewitz
After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.
- March 31, 1933 to approx. 1938: Herbert Fischer was temporarily responsible for Romania as a military attaché . He had his place of business in Rome.
- October 1, 1936 to 1943: Enno von Rintelen
- 1940 to 1942: Wilhelm Otzen , II. Military attaché, former military attaché in the Netherlands and later military attaché in Spain
Japanese Empire
- 1901 to 1903: Count Max Montgelas
- May 29, 1902 to December 17, 1908: Günther von Etzel , during this time he was an observer on the front lines of the Russo-Japanese war in Manchuria .
- 1904 to 1905: Max Hoffmann was in command of the 1st Army of the Japanese Army as a military observer during the Russo-Japanese War .
- 1908 to 1912: Karl Heinrich von Bennewitz (1856–1931)
- from March 22, 1912: Alexander von Falkenhausen
- 1934 to 1938: Eugen Ott , he was commanded to Japan in 1933 to observe the Japanese army.
- September 15, 1938 to November 30, 1940: Gerhard Matzky
- December 1, 1940 to May 8, 1945: Alfred Kretschmer
Air Force Attaché
- 1939 to 1945: Hans Gronau (1893–1977)
Yugoslavia
- 1908 to 1911: Ewald von Massow, at the same time he was nominated as military attaché to the German embassies in Sofia and Bucharest.
- 1914: Alfred Boehm-Tettelbach
- 1933 to 1935: Nikolaus von Falkenhorst , was also responsible for Czechoslovakia and Romania. It was based in Prague.
- 1935 to 1939: Moritz von Faber du Faur
- 1939 to 1941: Rudolf Toussaint , formerly military attaché for Czechoslovakia
Mexico
The military attaché Mexico was also responsible for the United States and was based in Washington .
- from October 18, 1907: Willy von Livonius
- August 1910 to 1914: Hans Wolfgang von Herwarth
Netherlands
- 1935 to 1937: Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg. Military attaché of Belgium and Great Britain, also air force attaché for Belgium.
- 1940: Wilhelm Otzen
Austria-Hungary
- 1884 to 1885: Maximilian Graf Yorck von Wartenburg
- 1887 to 1893: Adolf von Deines
- 1899 to 1906 Karl-Ulrich von Bülow
- 1908 to 1914: Karl von Kageneck
- 1915 to 1918: August von Cramon
- 1916 to 1918: Wolfgang Muff, his position in Vienna was that of an authorized officer.
- from April 1, 1933: Wolfgang Muff, his nomination as military attaché also took place for the German embassies in Bern and Sofia, later military attaché in Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
- 1897 to 1901: Curt von Morgen , as a military attaché he mainly worked in Edhem Pascha's headquarters and in this position took part in the Turkish-Greek war.
- 1901 to 1908: Erich von Leipzig (1860–1915), former military attaché Belgium
- 1908 to 1913: Walter von Strempel (1867–1935)
- 1913 to 1914: Karl August von Laffert , he was also a liaison officer to the Bulgarian army.
- 1914: Erich von Leipzig
- 1915 to 1918: Otto von Lossow , he had been seconded to the Ottoman Empire as a military instructor since 1911 and as a military representative from 1915.
From 1918 to 1924 there were no diplomatic relations with Turkey. For the period thereafter see military attachés for Turkey .
Poland
- April 1933 to September 1935: Max Schindler
- 1938/1939: Kurt Himer
Air Force Attaché
- June 1, 1938 to September 1, 1939: Alfred Gerstenberg , from July 1, 1938, he was also responsible for Romania.
Portugal
- August 1, 1939 to October 1939: Hans von Funck , as military attaché, was also responsible for Spain from November 30, 1936.
Romania
- 1902 to 1904: Maximilian von Mutius
- 1908 to 1911: Ewald von Massow, at the same time he was nominated as military attaché to the German embassies in Belgrade and Sofia.
- from April 21, 1916: Hans von Hammerstein-Gesmold, formerly military attaché for Bulgaria
- 1933 to 1935 Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, was also responsible for Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. It was based in Prague.
- from 1941: Emil Just
Air Force Attaché
- July 1, 1938 to August 27, 1944: Alfred Gerstenberg, from June 1, 1938, he was also responsible for Poland. This responsibility ended on September 1, 1939.
Russian Empire
- 1869 to 1886: Bernhard von Werder , in this position he took part in the Russian-Turkish war around 1886.
- 1887 to 1893: Karl von Villaume
- Assigned to military plenipotentiary from 1885 to 1893: Maximilian Graf Yorck von Wartenburg, formerly military attaché for Austria-Hungary
- 1892 to 1900: Otto von Lauenstein
- 1898: Max Hoffmann , he was commanded as a military attaché to the embassy in Saint Petersburg for half a year.
- December 1900 to 1904: Arthur von Lüttwitz He was recalled because he was involved in espionage activities.
- 1905 to 1908: Albano von Jacobi
- 1908 to 1911: Paul Hintze
- 1912 to 1914: Bernhard von Eggeling
- 1914: Oskar von Chelius, former military attaché of Italy
With the outbreak of World War I, the attaché position in the Russian Empire became obsolete. The tsarist empire ceased to exist in 1917. For the period after 1917, see Military Attachés in the Soviet Union .
Switzerland
- 1918 to 1919: Victor Borosini von Hohenstern was based in Bern as a military attachè. Then moved to Zurich as head of the German embassy for press and passport matters.
- from 1917: Werner von der Schulenburg
- from April 1, 1933: Wolfgang Muff, his nomination as military attaché also took place for the German embassies in Vienna and Sofia.
Soviet Russia, Soviet Union and USSR
- May to September 1918: Wilhelm Schubert
As early as 1921, a special military attaché post of the Reichswehr was created in Soviet Russia with its headquarters in Moscow, which existed until 1934 for military and armaments cooperation. The basis for this was the secret agreement concluded on March 15, 1922 for the activities of the special group R.
- 1931 to 1933: Ernst-August Köstring
- 1933 to 1935: Otto Hartmann
- 1935 to 1941: Ernst-August Köstring
- from 1939: Ralph von Heygendorff , 1st assistant to the military attaché in Moscow
Spain
- 1885 to 1887: Adolf von Deines
- 1913 to 1919: Arnold Kalle
- November 30, 1936 to October 1939: Hans von Funck, as military attaché, was also responsible for Portugal from August 1, 1939.
- 1939 to 1941: Walter Bruns
- 1941/1942: Günther Krappe
- 1942/1943: Wilhelm Otzen
- August 1943 to May 1945 Hans Doerr
Czechoslovakia
- 1933 to 1935 Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, was also responsible for Yugoslavia and Romania. It was based in Prague.
- 1938/1939: Rudolf Toussaint, later military attaché for Yugoslavia
Turkey
- 1935 to 1937: Max Schindler appointed as a military advisor.
- 1936 to 1944: Hans Rohde
Air Force Attaché
- 1940 to 1944: Erich Morell
On July 31, 1944, Turkey broke off diplomatic relations with the German Reich.
Hungary
- 1935 to 1937 Erich Friderici , was also a military attaché responsible for Yugoslavia.
- 1937 to 1939: Theodor Wrede
- 1939 to 1941: Günther Krappe
- 1941: Rudolf Toussaint, formerly military attaché for Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia
- May 1941 to October 1943: Friedrich-Carl Rabe von Pappenheim
- October 1943 to 1944 Hans von Greiffenberg
United Kingdom of Great Britain)
- 1873 to 1876: Gustav von Schrötter
- 1882 to 1886: Iwan Oldekop
- 1885/1886: Ernst von Hoiningen
- May 1898 to 1903: Arthur von Lüttwitz . In this position he took part in the Boer Wars of the British Army as an observer from October 1899.
- August 17, 1900 to February 12, 1902: Anatol Graf von Bredow assigned to the legation in London on November 4, 1899, serving as military attaché from August 17, 1900
- 1902 to 1906: Friedrich Graf von der Schulenburg
- 1907 to August 1914: Roland Ostertag
In August 1914, the military attaché post in the United Kingdom was canceled due to the British declaration of war on the German Reich. After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.
- 1933 to 1937: Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg. From 1935 he was also employed as an air force attaché for Belgium and the Netherlands. But kept his seat in London.
- from August 12, 1937: Anton Reichard von Mauchenheim called Bechtolsheim
Air Force Attachés
- April 1, 1936 to September 3, 1939: Ralph Wenninger
United States of America (USA)
- from 1884: Hermann Speck von Sternburg
- from 1902: Otto von Etzel
- 1907/1908: Willy von Livonius , he was also responsible as a military attaché for Mexico .
- August 1910 to 1914: Hans Wolfgang von Herwarth , he was also responsible as a military attaché for Mexico.
- 1914 to December 1915: Franz von Papen . His expulsion was based on proven involvement in espionage and sabotage activities in favor of Germany.
After the end of the First World War, no new attaché position was created until 1933.
- April 1, 1933 to June 1, 1941: Friedrich von Boetticher
literature
- Manfred Kehring: The re-establishment of the German military attaché service after the First World War (1919–1933). Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein, 1966.
- Heinrich Otto Meisner : Military attachés and authorized officers in Prussia and in the German Empire . Rütten & Loening Verlag , Berlin, 1957.
- Hermann Teske : General Ernst Köstring. The military mediator between the German Reich and the Soviet Union 1921–1941. Publisher ES Mittler & Sohn, Frankfurt 1965
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Hans von Hammerstein-Gesmold: Germany, Romania and the World War: memories and considerations . Engelmann, 1919, p. 6 ( google.de [accessed June 14, 2020]).
- ↑ Jörn Hasenclever, Wehrmacht and Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union: The Commanders of the Rear Army Areas 1941–1943. Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2010. ISBN 978-3-506-76709-7 .
- ^ Helga Deininger: France, Russia, Germany, 1871-1891 , 1983, p. 329.
- ^ Helga Deininger: France, Russia, Germany, 1871-1891 , 1983, p. 328.
- ^ Heinrich Otto Meisner, Military Attachés and Plenipotentiaries in Prussia and in the German Empire, Rütten & Loening Verlag 1957, pp. 55ff.
- ↑ Axel Springer: Out of concern for Germany. Testimonials from a committed Berliner , 1980, p. 443.
- ↑ Michael Behnen: Armament, Alliance, Security. Triple Alliance and Informal Imperialism, 1900-1908 , 1985, p. 509.
- ^ Ralf Forsbach: Alfred von Kiderlen-wächter (1852–1912). A diplomatic life in the Kaiserreich , 1997, p. 560.
- ↑ a b c d "German military attachés are appointed", in: Daily Review of January 8, 1933.
- ↑ Manfred Zeidler: Reichswehr and Red Army, 1920–1933 , 1993, p. 367.
- ↑ Biography about Hans Joachim von Horn, Munzinger Archive, in: http://www.munzinger.de/document/00000008134
- ↑ Isabell V. Hull: The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888-1918 , p. 211.
- ↑ Michael Behnen: Armament, Alliance, Security. Triple Alliance and Informal Imperialism, 1900-1908 , 1985, p. 507.
- ↑ Thomas Schlemmer: The Italians on the Eastern Front 1942/43 , 2005, p. 166.
- ↑ Hans-Bernd Zöllner: Burma between "independence first, independence last" , 2000, p. 207.
- ↑ Christian W. Spang Karl Haushofer and his geopolitical theories in German and Japanese politics, monograph by the Institute for Japanese Studies, Volume 52, 2013, p. 81ff.
- ↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ed.): Advocate for the Doomed: The Diaries and Papers of James G. Mcdonald, 1932–1935 , 2007, p. 34.
- ↑ Leopold von Schötzer: Generalfeldmarschall Freiherr von Loë a military picture of time and life , 1914, p. 315.
- ↑ Bernd Felix Schulte: Before the outbreak of war in 1914. Germany, Turkey and the Balkans , 1980, p. 175.
- ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), p. 10.
- ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), p. 15.
- ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), p. 26.
- ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), pp. 13, 27.
- ^ Ulrich Sahm: Rudolf von Scheliha, 1897–1942 a German diplomat against Hitler , 1990, p. 51.
- ↑ Roland S. Kamzelak (Ed.): Harry Graf Kessler. Das Tagebuch 1880–1937 , 2004, p. 1060.
- ↑ Isabell v. Hull: The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918 , p. 211.
- ↑ Rainer Lahme: German Foreign Policy 1890-1894 , 1990, p. 73.
- ^ Gerhard Ebel: Ambassador Paul Graf von Hatzfeldt. Post-processed papers 1838-1901 , 1976, p. 1241.
- ↑ Commission for Neure history of Austria: Commission publications for newer history of Austria , the 1930th
- ^ Olaf Groehler, Suicidal Alliance. German-Soviet Military Relations 1920–1941, Vision Verlag Berlin 1992, pp. 33ff.
- ↑ a b Teske: General Ernst Köstring. The military mediator between the German Reich and the Soviet Union 1921–1941
- ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber: German Constitutional History since 1789 , 1984, p. 346.
- ^ Leo Stern, German Imperialism and the Second World War, Rütten & Loenig Verlag Berlin, 1962, p. 60
- ↑ Los lazos de Perón con el Tercer Reich. ¿Cuáles fueron los verdaderos nexos del fundador del justicialismo con los nazis? Sobre la base de cientos de documentos nunca antes analizados, Uki Goñi contesta ese interrogante en Perón y los alemanes, que Sudamericana lanza en estos días y del que adelantamos aquí fragmentos salientes; in. In: La Nacion. 27 September 1998
- ↑ Herrmann AL Degener (Ed.): Who is it ?, 10th edition, Berlin 1935
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from June 26, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ German officers in Turkey , n.d. (approx. 1943), p. 49.
- ↑ Jörn Hasenclever, Wehrmacht and Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union: The Commanders of the Rear Army Areas 1941–1943. Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2010. ISBN 978-3-506-76709-7 .
- ^ Nancy E. Johnson: Diary of Gathorne Hardy, Later Lord Cranbrook, 1866-1892 , 1981, p. 897.
- ^ Heinrich Otto Meisner, Military Attachés and Plenipotentiaries in Prussia and in the German Empire, Rütten & Loening Verlag 1957, pp. 55ff.
- ^ Gerhard Ebel (ed.): Ambassador Paul Graf von Hatzfeldt: Nachgelassene Papiere. 1838-1901 , 1976, p. 1241.
- ↑ Bernd Felix Schulte: Before the outbreak of war in 1914. Germany, Turkey and the Balkans , 1980, p. 177.
- ^ Heinrich Otto Meisner: Military attachés and military representatives in Prussia and in the German Empire , 1957, p. 80.
- ↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ed.): Advocate for the Doomed: The Diaries and Papers of James G. Mcdonald, 1932–1935 , 2007, p. 34.
- Jump up ↑ Joachim Petzold, Franz von Papen: a German Doom, Buchverlag Morgen, Munich 1995
- ^ Helmut Greiner: War Diary of the High Command of the Wehrmacht 1940–1945 , 1965, p. 1925.