Lithium titanate accumulator
The lithium titanate battery is a version of a lithium-ion battery in which the negative electrode made of graphite is replaced by a sintered electrode made of lithium titanium spinel (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ). The stronger chemical bond of the lithium in the titanate prevents the formation of an insulating surface layer on the sintered electrode, which is one of the main reasons for aging in the graphite electrode of conventional lithium-ion batteries.
Since the titanate cannot react with oxides from the negative electrode, this design prevents the battery from thermal runaway , even in the event of mechanical damage. The lithium titanate battery can also be operated at outside temperatures of −40 ° C.
The disadvantage is the lower open circuit voltage of approx. 2.4 V compared to the lithium-ion battery , which leads to a lower energy density of 30 Wh / kg to 110 Wh / kg. Another disadvantage is the high manufacturing price, about three times as much as Li-Ion based on capacity (as of 2019), which makes it difficult to launch on a broad basis.
construction
The sintered lithium titanate electrode has an effective effective surface area of 100 m² per gram compared to 3 m² per gram of a graphite electrode of a conventional lithium-ion accumulator. This means that higher charging currents can be used for fast charging with a C factor in the range of 10. The power density is in the range of around 4 kW / kg. The energy density, on the other hand, is comparatively low at 70 Wh / kg to 90 Wh / kg.
trade
Under the trade name Super Charge Ion Battery (SCiB), a lithium titanate battery is offered on the market for electric bicycles in Japan by, among others, Toshiba . It is also used, for example, in the Mitsubishi i-MiEV (Japan only) and formerly in the Honda Fit EV. Other providers are AltairNano , which also holds several patents relating to the structure and electrode material, and the Chinese manufacturer Tiankang.
Another manufacturer of Li-Ti batteries for stationary use and for propulsion of ships is Leclanché SA , which manufactures and uses lithium titanium oxide batteries with ceramic separators in Europe. In the case of 4C load, the manufacturer specifies a service life of over 15,000 cycles. The batteries are also used to supply energy to a Baltic Sea ferry and for special applications in Škoda buses.
Also Liacon developed in Northern Germany and manufactures Li-Ti-Fe batteries, which are resistant to high current and short-circuit proof and will achieve cycle rates of up to 20,000 cycles.
Individual evidence
- ↑ All About Batteries, Part 12: Lithium Titanate (LTO) . In: EETimes . Available on January 18, 2019.
- ↑ Kouji Kariatsumari: Toshiba's New Secondary Battery Squashed ... No Explosion, Fire ... Why? . Nikkei Electronics. December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
- ^ Duncan Graham-Rowe: Charge a battery in just six minutes. In: New Scientist. March 7, 2005, available on January 18, 2019.
- ↑ Schwinn Electric Bikes . Schwinn Tailwind electric. Archived from the original on March 17, 2009. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- ↑ Patent US7547490 : High performance lithium titanium spinel Li4Ti5012 for electrode material. Published on July 16, 2009 , inventor Timothy Spitler, et al ..
