Liubice

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Floor plan of the church complex in Alt-Lübeck

Liubice (also: Leubice ) or Alt-Lübeck was an existing of about 819-1138, at the mouth of Schwartau in the Traveling preferred Slavic predecessor settlement of today Lübeck .

location

The Schwartau flows into the Trave (from left)

Liubice was about six kilometers downstream from the old town island of today's Lübeck, opposite today's Teerhofinsel , on a peninsula that is formed by a bend (today: oxbow) of the Trave and the confluence of the Schwartau. The settlement site is entered as an archaeological monument in the list of monuments of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck.

Surname

The earliest tradition of the name Liubice can be found in the Hamburg church history of Adam of Bremen from the 2nd half of the 11th century ( civitas Liubice (II / 19, schol. 12) and the variant in leubice (III / 20)). The origin and meaning of the name have long and controversially discussed in linguistics and historical research on place names. On the one hand, there was the question of the German or Slavic origin of the name "Lübeck", which today is unanimously answered that the name is of Slavic origin and goes back to the root * l'ub- (lovely, dear) to others ask whether the place name can be traced back directly to this meaning or via a detour via a personal name. While the first conception founded by Wilhelm Ohnesorge ( Liubice = "the lovely one") prevailed until the middle of the 20th century, the view that the name goes back to a patronymic of L'ub or L'ubomir ( Liubice = "(the settlement of the) descendants of L'ub / L'ubomir").

history

Attempted reconstruction

In the 7th century, Slavic peoples moved into the areas on the Bay of Lübeck that were abandoned by the Germanic inhabitants during the migration . The Wagrians and Polabians built a dense network of villages and castles, including Oldenburg (Starigard), Plön , Ratzeburg and later the Slavic royal residence Liubice as a low castle at the confluence of the Schwartau and the Trave. This castle is not mentioned in written sources, but is probably related to the tensions between the Franconian Empire , Danes and Slavs at the beginning of the 9th century. It was sparsely populated in the second half of the 9th century and was abandoned around 900. No settlement can be proven for the entire 10th century. An increasing population can only be recorded again in the Yugoslav period from around 1000.

From the middle of the 11th century, Liubices was expanded, which led to the emergence of a large settlement complex in the 11th century. A new wall was built in 1055 and in the following years. This measure is connected with the naconid prince Gottschalk . In his efforts to Christianize the Elbe Slavs, he renewed the old diocese of Oldenburg and founded several monasteries. In this context, Liubice is mentioned for the first time by Adam von Bremen. But as early as 1066 Gottschalk was murdered in an uprising of the pagan nobility, all clergy were expelled and church buildings were destroyed.

After Gottschalk's death, the leader of the nobility, Kruto , took over rule not only in Wagria , but in the entire Abodritic Association , and in the latter years the redesign of the castle began. In 1087 the weir system was renewed for the second time. During this time, the castle was separated from the land in the west by a 12 m wide moat, which placed it on an artificial island.

Liubice came to full bloom under Gottschalk's son Heinrich from 1093. He made Liubice the center of his empire and built it into an early urban complex consisting of a castle, a port and two outer bailey settlements. On the other bank of the river he founded a merchant settlement. A church was built in the newly fortified castle, which Helmold von Bosau mentions in his chronicle, but without describing its appearance. Heinrich's successor was Knud Lavard in 1129 . He used Liubice as a royal palace . The place had a mint.

In 1138 the rans destroyed Liubice. Liubice was given up as a trading center. The name was transferred in 1143 by Count Adolf II von Holstein to his city ​​foundation project, located on a peninsula called Bucu , from which today's Lübeck emerged.

The Abodrites still resident there held their council meeting in front of the Marienkirche in the new Lübeck until the 13th century . In Lubeck right are the remains of Slavic rights institutions have kept.

Excavations and archaeological findings

A memorial stone reminds of the former location of Alt-Lübeck

The first excavations were carried out in the middle of the 19th century by the Lübeck pastor Marcus Jochim Carl Klug . The stone foundation of a church was excavated. Golden finger rings, temple rings or fibulae were discovered in them as grave attachments. The excavations of 1906 and 1908 were initiated by Wilhelm Ohnesorge . The site was further investigated in numerous other excavations, most recently in 1999–2001.

With the help of the new dating method of dendrochronology that emerged in the 1970s , the oldest wall could be dated to 819. This is followed by two more parts of the wall, dated to the years 1055 and 1087. The wall has a diameter of about 100 meters and had a gate on the south side. Dendrodata show two repairs to the rampart and construction work within the castle in the years 1002 and 1035. At that time, wattle and daub buildings were scattered around the castle.

Under the stone church discovered by Pastor Klug in 1852, a previous wooden church was found in 1977. This older wooden church had a cruciform floor plan with external dimensions of 22 m long and 15 m wide. This floor plan is unusual for the Slavic as well as the Scandinavian area. Parallels are only known from Iceland . The successor building is architecturally more demanding and more representative. It is dated to the 1190s. This new church was built from uncut field stones. It was 20 m long and 11 m wide, single-nave and had a semicircular apse . The rich gifts from the graves in the church identify the church as the burial place of the royal family. An ivory plate depicting the crucifixion was also found.

The remains of the merchants' settlement outside the castle fell victim to the Trave cut around 1880.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. Hanseatic City of Lübeck: 2nd list of monuments (archaeological monuments) of February 3, 2017, No. 3 and No. 278 (pp. 23, 71); online (PDF, 670 kB), accessed on August 17, 2017
  2. ^ Wilhelm Ohnesorge: Interpretation of the name Lübeck, combined with an overview of the Lübeck historical sources, as well as the related names of Central Europe. Supplement to the 1910 annual report of the Katharineum in Lübeck. Schmidt, Lübeck 1910 (104 pages, online at ULB Düsseldorf)
  3. ^ Hans-Dietrich Kahl: The place name Lübeck. Fifty years of Slavic and Germanic research in the border area to history. In: Zeitschrift für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde 42 (1962), pp. 79–114 ( digitized version of the journal at the Association for Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde; PDF, 21 MB); Rolf Hammel-Kiesow: The beginnings of Lübeck: From the Abodritic land grab to the integration into the county of Holstein-Stormarn. In: Antjekathrin Graßmann (Hrsg.): Lübeckische Geschichte. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, 4th edition 2008, pp. 1–45, here p. 17; Hartmut Freytag: Article Lübeck (name explanation) , in: Antjekathrin Graßmann (Hrsg.): The new Lübeck Lexicon. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2011, p. 245

literature

  • Karl Klug : Old Lübeck. In: Neue Lübeckische Blätter , Volume 18, 1852, pp. 305–309.
  • Karl Klug: Old Lübeck. In: ZVLGA Volume 1 (1860), pp. 221-248.
  • Johannes Baltzer and Friedrich Bruns: The architectural and art monuments of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck. Issued by the building authorities. Volume III: Church of Old Lübeck. Dom. Jakobikirche. Aegidia Church. Bernhard Nöhring's publishing house: Lübeck 1920, pp. 1–8. Unchanged reprint 2001: ISBN 3-89557-167-9
  • Doris Mührenberg: Archeology in Lübeck. Volume 5.
  • Manfred glasses , Doris Mührenberg: Lübeck citizens and archeology. Lübeck 2008, pp. 22-23. ISBN 978-3-7950-1290-8
  • Mieczysław Grabowski: 150 years of excavation in Alt Lübeck , in: Heiden und Christians. Slavic mission in the Middle Ages . Lübeck 2002.
  • Mieczysław Grabowski: Old Lübeck and the stone church. Reconstruction models (pdf, accessed April 27, 2014)

Web links

Commons : Liubice  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 53 ° 54 ′ 28 "  N , 10 ° 42 ′ 52"  E