Louis Fraser

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Louis Fraser (* 1819 or early 1820, † 1883 or soon after) was a British zoologist and collector.

Live and act

The exact date of his birth or death is not known. There is a marriage certificate according to which he married on February 17, 1844 and was 24 years old at the time. The last known message from him is the labels of some of the birds he collected in Florida in the Cambridge University Zoological Museum with his handwriting (July 1883, an American darter ). He likely died in North America before 1888.

Fraser was the son of a seaman and from 1832 was an office boy in the Museum of the Zoological Society of London . In 1841 he became curator of the museum, at which time he already had five publications in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Under the influence of Lord Derby (President of the Zoological Society), he took part in Allen's and Thomson's Niger Expedition between 1841 and 1842 as a scientist for the African Civilization Society , where he put together an important collection in the Gulf of Guinea. On his return in 1842 he was back at the Museum of the Zoological Society, where he became curator in 1844.

From 1845 he published Zoologica Typica, or figures of the new and rare animals and birds in the collection of the Zoological Society of London , a richly illustrated volume that appeared in 14 deliveries between 1845 and the discontinuation for financial reasons in 1849. In this book he described a variety of new bird and mammal species that were presented to the Zoological Society. In 1846 he gave up his post at the Zoological Society to collect with a six-month contract for Lord Derby in North Africa. In 1847 he collected there for his own account. From April 1848 he was temporarily responsible for Lord Derby's collection at Knowsley Hall . His successor was finally David Dyson (1823–1856), who was curator of the collection until Derby's death . It was Fraser who published the Catalog of the Knowsley Collections in 1850 . The six volume manuscript of the birds in the collection is in Liverpool.

From 1851 to 1853 Fraser was appointed Vice- Consul of Ouidah , Dahomey , through the mediation of Lord Derby , during the reign of the King of Dahomey Gézo . From 1857 he collected birds and mammals in South America for three years for Philip Lutley Sclater of the Zoological Society of London , including in Ecuador in 1859 and in California the following year . On his return to London he opened a business for exotic birds in Knightsbridge and then on Regent Street , but it was unsuccessful. He went back to North America and worked for Woodward's Gardens in San Francisco , which he gave up for a job on Vancouver Island . In 1862, under the direction of Sclater, he wrote the first edition of List of the vertebrated animals now or lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. In 1866 he can be traced back to London. He spent the last years of his life in America and collected in Florida in 1883.

Fraser collected over 1000 specimens of birds in Tunisia, Dahomey (Benin), Niger, Fernando Póo , Ecuador, Panama, Guatemala and North America. 645 have been identified in collections in the UK, Germany and the US, including over 100 type specimens. His collection is in the Natural History Museum at Tring , in Liverpool and in Cambridge , among others . He left extensive and detailed observation notes.

His son Oscar Louis Fraser was from 1882 an assistant at the Indian Museum in Calcutta and a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London .

Fraser corresponded with Charles Darwin .

Dediction names

  • Glaucis Fraseri a synonym for the white- banded shadow hummingbird ( Threnetes ruckeri ) painted by Gould and Henry Constantine Richter (1821–1902)

  • Anthreptes frazeri a synonym for the deciduous nectar bird ( Deleornis fraseri ) illustrated by James Hope Stewart (1789-1883)

  • Leaf nectar bird ( Deleornis fraseri ) painted by John Gerrard Keulemans (1842-1912)

  • Tityra inquisitor fraserii ♀ painted by Joseph Wolf (1820–1899)

  • Tityra inquisitor fraserii ♂ painted by Joseph Wolf

  • Basileuterus fraseri painted by Joseph Smit (1836–1929)

  • Conirostrum cinereum fraseri painted by Smit

  • Oreomanes fraseri painted by John Jennens

  • Celeopicus Fraseri ♀ (Figure 5) a synonym for the red throated woodpecker ( Celeus loricatus )

Fraser is honored in the epithet by various bird species, including the fairy warbler ( Myiothlypis fraseri Sclater, PL , 1884), the deciduous nectar bird ( Deleornis fraseri ( Jardine & Selby , 1843)), the short- barreled thrush ( Stizorhina fraseri ( Strickland , 1844)) and the giant snake ( Oreomanes fraseri Sclater, PL , 1844). Also, the name of a subtype of Schwarzschnabeltityra ( Tityra inquisitor fraserii ( Kaup , 1852)) and the white end-pointed beak ( Conirostrum cinereum fraseri Sclater, PL , 1859) is a dedication to Fraser. In addition, Bonaparte introduced the genus Fraseria for the woodcatcher ( Fraseria ocreata ( Strickland , 1844)), as Fraser had brought the type specimen with him from his Niger expedition. The subspecies of the tambourine dove ( Turtur tympanistria fraseri ( Bonaparte , 1855)) is now a synonym for the nominate form. With the delivery of 24 of his hummingbird tablets from 1861, John Gould described Glaucis Fraseri , a name that is now synonymous with the white- banded shadow hummingbird ( Threnetes ruckeri ( Bourcier , 1847)). Furthermore, his name can be found in Celeopicus Fraseri Malherbe , 1862, a synonym for the red-throated woodpecker ( Celeus loricatus ( Reichenbach , 1854)) and in Nectarinia fraseri Dohrn , 1866, a synonym for the hermit nectar bird ( Cyanomitra obscura ( Jardine , 1843) ).

Fonts (selection)

  • Mr. Fraser exhibited a new species of Corythaix, which he proceeded to characterize as fellows . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 7 , 1839, pp. 34–35 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 21, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser read his description of two new species of Birds, from a collection made in the Island of Luzon, and recently forwarded to the Society by Hugh Cuming, Esq. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 7 , 1839, pp. 112-113 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 21, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser pointed out the character of several new species of Humming-birds, which have been placed in his hands by Earl of Derby for this purpose, and that they might be exhibited at one of the Society's scientific meetings. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 8 , no. 86 , 1840, pp. 14-19 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • A letter from Mr. Fraser . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 9 , 1842, pp. 97 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • with George Robert Waterhouse: Mr. Fraser, the naturalist to the Niger expedition, exhibited several new species of Quadrupeds, constituting part of his collection formed at Fernando Po, and Mr. Waterhouse, at the request of the Chairman, read his description of new species, there having been placed in his hands for examination by Mr. Fraser. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 10 , 1842, p. 124–130 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser laid before the meeting some new species of birds, constituting part of his collection formed at Fernando Po, and characterized them as follows . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 10 , 1842, p. 141–142 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser communicated to the Meeting the following descriptions of new species of Birds, constituting part of the collection he had formed in the Niger expedition . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 10 , 1842, p. 144-145 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser then characterized two new species of Birds from Western Africa . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 10 , 1842, p. 189–190 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser exhibited a specimen of Galago Senegalensis, procured at Cape Coast, Western Africa, and a new species of Shrew from Fernado Po, which is characterized as follows . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 10 , 1842, p. 200–201 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser laid before the meeting some new species of birds from Fernando Po, which he characterized as follows . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 11 , 1843, p. 3–5 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser laid before the Meeting eight new species of Birds from Western Africa, which he thus characterized as . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 11 , 1843, p. 16-17 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser exhibited and described a new species of Bat, belonging to the genus Rhinolophus, and four new species of birds from West Africa . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 11 , 1843, p. 25-27 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser characterized two new species of Birds collected in Western Africa . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 11 , 1843, p. 34–35 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser exhibited a specimen of a Pouchad Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) and various species of Birds which he had procured on the western coast of Africa during the Niger expedition, and read the following notes relating to them in Western Africa . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 11 , 1843, p. 51–54 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser pointed out the distinguishing characters of a new species of Patridge which had recently died at the Society menagerie . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 11 , 1843, p. 69-70 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. Fraser having carefully determined the species of birds forming part of an extensive collection of subjects of natural history, brought to England by Mr. Bridges, laid them before the meeting, and communicated the following notes from that gentlemen relating to their habits, ranges , & c. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 11 , 1843, p. 108–121 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Mr. L. Fraser laid upon the table three new species of birds, which he described as . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 12 , 1844, pp. 37-38 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Catalog of the Knowsley Collections, Belonging to the Right Honorable Edward (Thirteenth) Earl of Derby . Printed by Author, Knowsley 1850.
  • Description of a new species of Hyrax from Fernando Po . In: Annals and Magazine of Natural History (=  2 ). tape 14 , no. 90 , 1854, pp. 158–159 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 17, 2015]).
  • Zoologia typica; or, Figures of new and rare animals and birds described in the proceedings, or exhibited in the collections of the Zoological Society of London . Self-published, London 1847 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 11, 2015]).
  • with Philip Lutley Sclater: List of the vertebrated animals now or lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London . 1st edition. Taylor and Frances, London 1862 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 21, 2015]).

literature

  • Clemency Thorne Fisher: Fraser, Louis (b. 1819/20 – d. In or after 1883). In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford 2004, doi: 10.1093 / ref: odnb / 10118 .
  • Gordon Goodwin: Fraser, Louis. In: Dictionary of National Biography . Volume 20, Oxford 1888, ( Wikisource ).
  • Death of Mr. David Dyson . In: The Substitute; Or, Etomological Exchange Facilitator, and Entomologist's Fire-side Companion . No. 9 , 1856, pp. 106-108 ( books.google.de [accessed on August 21, 2015] First printed in Express. December 12, 1856).
  • Amberley Moore, "Your lordship's most obliged servant": letters from Louis Fraser to the thirteenth Earl of Derby, 1840 to 1851. Archives of Natural History, Volume 31, 2004, pp. 102-122, ( euppublishing.com abstract).
  • Amberley Moore, James Jobling: The unknown traveler - the ornithological collections of Louis Fraser , Lecture British Ornithological Society 2004, Bulletin British Ornithological Society, 124, 2004, p. 2, ( archive.org ).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in the vicinity of Quito, and during excursions to Pichincha and Chimborazo; with Notes and Descriptions of New Species . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 28 , no. 1 , 1860, p. 73-83 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 15, 2015]).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: List of Birds collected by Mr. Louis Fraser, at Cuenca, Gualaquiza and Zamora, in the Republic of Ecuador . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 26 , 1858, pp. 449-461 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 15, 2015]).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: Description of five apparently new Species of South-American Passeres . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1883 . 1883, p. 653-654 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 15, 2015]).
  • Hugh Edwin Strickland: Description of some new species of Buirds brought by Mr. L. Fraser from Western Africa . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 12 , no. 136 , 1844, pp. 99-102 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 15, 2015]).
  • William Jardine, 7th Baronet of Applegarth, Prideaux John Selby: Illustrations of Ornithology (=  New Series . Volume 4 , delivery). Willizars, Edinburgh 1843 ( books.google.de [accessed August 15, 2015]).
  • Johann Jakob Kaup: Descriptions of some new birds in the Museum of Earl of Derby . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 19 , no. 221 , 1851, pp. 39-53 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 15, 2015]).
  • Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte: Notes sur les Collections rapportées en 1853, par MA Delattre, de son voyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua . In: Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences . tape 38 , 1854, p. 533-541 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 15, 2015]).
  • Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte: Conspectus generum avium . tape 2 . EJ Brill, Leiden 1857 ( gallica.bnf.fr [accessed August 15, 2015]).
  • John Gould: A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds . tape 1 , delivery 24. Taylor and Francis, London 1861 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 21, 2015]).
  • Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, FRS RH Porter, London 1885 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 21, 2015]).
  • Alfred Malherbe: Monograph des Picidées ou Histoire naturelle des Picidés, Pigumminés, Yuncinés ou Torcols . tape 2 . Jules Veronnais, Metz 1862 ( gallica.bnf.fr [accessed August 15, 2015]).
  • Heinrich Wolfgang Ludwig Dohrn: Synopsis of the Birds of Ilha do Principe, with some Remarks on their Habits and Descriptions of new Species . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1866 . 1866, p. 324–332 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 15, 2015]).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Life data according to Clemency Thorne Fisher: Fraser, Louis. In: Dictionary of National Biography . Online edition 2004. Amberley Moore (see literature) gives 1884 as the date of death.
  2. ^ Amberley Moore, James Jobling: The unknown traveler - the ornithological collections of Louis Fraser. Lecture British Ornithological Society 2004. In: Bulletin British Ornithological Society. Volume 124, 2004, p. 2. Among the birds collected was a specimen of the extinct Caroline Parakeet .
  3. ^ Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade (ed.): The Friend of Africa . JW Parker, 1841, p. 143 ( books.google.de [accessed on May 23, 2008]).
  4. ^ Message from the Express. Reprinted December 12, 1856 in The Substitute; Or, Etomological Exchange Facilitator, and Entomologist's Fire-side Companion. P. 107.
  5. ^ Amberley Moore, James Jobling: The unknown traveler - the ornithological collections of Louis Fraser. Lecture British Ornithological Society 2004 In: Bulletin British Ornithological Society. Volume 124, 2004, p. 2.
  6. ↑ The correspondence with Sclater has apparently no longer survived, as Sclater's townhouse was hit by a bomb during World War II. Amberley Moore, James Jobling, The unknown traveler, loc. cit.
  7. ^ Goodwin, Dictionary of National Biography 1888
  8. ^ Goodwin, loc. cit.
  9. ↑ Amberley Moore, James Jobling, The unknown traveler - the ornithological collections of Louis Fraser , Lecture British Ornithological Society 2004, Bulletin British Ornithological Society, 124, 2004, p. 2 (Club Announcements)
  10. ^ Goodwin, Fraser, Louis , Dictionary of National Biography 1888. After that he was still in Calcutta in 1888.
  11. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater, 1884 (1883), p. 653, plate 61.
  12. ^ William Jardine, 7th Baronet of Applegarth et al. a., plate 52 & text.
  13. ^ Hugh Edwin Strickland, 1844, p. 101.
  14. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater, 1844, p. 75, plate 159.
  15. ↑ Johann Jakob Kaup, p. 47, plates 37 & 38.
  16. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater, 1859, 452, plate 159.
  17. ^ Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1854), p. 536.
  18. ^ Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1855), p. 67.
  19. ↑ Frederick Herschel Waterhouse, p. 50. The year of publication, delivery with the plates in A monograph of the Trochilidæ is shown here.
  20. ^ John Gould, Plate 12 plus accompanying text
  21. ↑ Alfred Malherbe, p. 16, plate 53 bis, figure 5.
  22. ^ Heinrich Wolfgang Ludwig Dohrn, p. 326.

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Fraser, Louis
BRIEF DESCRIPTION British zoologist and collector
DATE OF BIRTH 1819 or 1820
DATE OF DEATH after 1883