Macrozamia
| Macrozamia | ||||||||||||
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Burrawang ( Macrozamia communis ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Macrozamia | ||||||||||||
| Miq. |
Macrozamia is a genus of plants within the order of the cycads (Cycadales). All species are listed in Appendix II of the Washington Convention for the Protection of Species (CITES).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The trunk grows underground ( Parazamia section ), but some species ( Macrozamia section ) form an above-ground, tree-shaped trunk that is up to 9 meters high. Long trunks are more prostrate than erect.
The leaves are simply pinnate and variable in size and color. In the Macrozamia section , they are up to 3 meters long, and are flat or keeled, not twisted. The color ranges from light green to dark green to blue-gray. The leaflets are 3 to 20 millimeters wide, flat and runny. The leaves of young plants are often designed differently than those of adults.
Generative characteristics
Macrozamia species are dioeciously separated sexes ( diocesan ). The female cones in the Parazamia section are mostly small and solitary, in the Macrozamia section they are large and there are up to eight per plant. The color varies, depending on the species, from various shades of green to blue-green. The outward-facing side of the sporophyll is reinforced with an upright, sharp and stiff thorn . In the lower part of the cone the thorns are short or absent, towards the tip they become longer. The sarcotesta of the seeds is yellow to bright red, but rarely both colors occur in one species, then on different plants.
The male cones are similar to the female and can be up to 100 on one plant specimen in the Macrozamia section . The color of the male cones is green or blue-green; they too have thorns.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.
Locations and exposure
The locations are diverse. They grow on the edge of the rainforests in the dry deserts, from sea level to altitudes of 1500 meters. Only a few species, found in inland and Western Australia, grow in open vegetation, most of them in shade. Precipitation and temperatures at the locations are also very different.
The endangerment of the species is very different. Species with a wide distribution are usually not endangered. However, many species have a small area and are sometimes endangered. Their areas are often lost to agriculture, and further losses are caused by plant collectors. The Australian government has classified all species as endangered.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Macrozamia was published in 1842 by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel in Monographia Cycadearum. 1842, page 36 established The genus name Macrozamia is derived from the Greek macros "large" for and Zamia , a time already known species.
Macrozamia together with the Australian genus Lepidozamia and the African Encephalartos forms the tribe Encephalarteae within the family Zamiaceae .
The genus Macrozamia occurs only in Australia. Most Macrozamia species occur on the coasts of New South Wales and Queensland , i.e. in the east of the continent. Some species grow in the mountains and plains of interior Australia, a few also in southwestern Western Australia .
There are about 41 species in the genus Macrozamia :
- Macrozamia cardiacensis P.I. Forest . & DLJones : This endemic occurs only on Cardiac Hill in Mount Walsh National Park in southeastern Queensland.
- Burrawang ( Macrozamia communis L.AS Johnson ): The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18. This endemic occurs only in eastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia concinna D.L. Jones : It is only found in New South Wales.
- Macrozamia conferta D.L. Jones & PIForst. : This endemic occurs only in southeastern Queensland.
- Macrozamia cranei D.L. Jones & PIForst. : This endemic occurs only in southeastern Queensland.
- Macrozamia crassifolia P.I. Forest. & DLJones : This endemic is only found in southeast Queensland.
- Macrozamia diplomera (F.Muell.) LASJohnson : It occurs only in eastern and central New South Wales.
- Macrozamia douglasii W. Hill ex FMBailey : This endemic occurs only in south-eastern Queensland including Fraser Island .
- Macrozamia dyeri (F.Muell.) CAGardner : It occurs only in southern Western Australia .
- Macrozamia elegans K.D. Hill & DLJones : It is only found in eastern and central New South Wales.
- Macrozamia fawcettii C. Moore : This endemic occurs only in northeastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia fearnsidei D.L.Jones : This endemic occurs only north and east of Injune in Queensland.
- Macrozamia flexuosa C.Moore : It occurs only in eastern and central New South Wales.
- Macrozamia fraseri Miq. : This endemic occurs only in west-southwest Western Australia .
- Macrozamia glaucophylla D.L. Jones : It occurs in New South Wales.
- Macrozamia heteromera C.Moore : The chromosome number is 2n = 18. It occurs only in eastern and central New South Wales.
- Macrozamia humilis D.L. Jones : It occurs in northeastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia johnsonii D.L. Jones & KDHill : This endemic is only found in northeastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia lomandroides D.L.Jones : This endemic is found only in southeast Queensland.
- Macrozamia longispina P.I. Forest. & DLJones : This endemic is only found in southeast Queensland.
- Macrozamia lucida L.ASJohnson : It is only found in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia macdonnellii (F.Muell. Ex Miq.) A.DC. : It occurs in the southern Northern Territory of Australia.
- Macrozamia machinii P.I. Forest . & DLJones:: This endemic occurs only in south-southeast Queensland.
- Macrozamia macleayi Miq. : This endemic occurs only in southeastern to east-southeastern Queensland.
- Macrozamia miquelii (F.Muell.) A.DC. : The chromosome number is 2n = 18. It occurs from eastern and southeastern Queensland to northeastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia montana K.D. Hill : This endemic occurs only in east-northeastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia moorei F. Muell. : The chromosome number is 2n = 18. It occurs only in eastern and central Queensland.
- Macrozamia mountperriensis F.M.Bailey : It occurs in southeastern Queensland.
- Macrozamia occidua D.L. Jones & PIForst. : This endemic occurs only in southeastern Queensland.
- Macrozamia parcifolia P.I. Forest . & DLJones : This endemic is only found in southeast Queensland.
- Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi W. Hill & F. Muell. : The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18. This endemic is only found in southeast Queensland.
- Macrozamia platyrachis F.M.Bailey : It is only found in eastern Queensland.
- Macrozamia plurinervia (LASJohnson) DLJones : It occurs only from southeastern Queensland to northeastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia polymorpha D.L. Jones : It is found in eastern and central New South Wales.
- Macrozamia reducta K.D. Hill & DLJones : It is only found in central and eastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia riedlei (Fisch. Ex Gaudich.) Gardner : The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18. This endemic occurs only in southwestern Australia.
- Macrozamia secunda C. Moore : The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18. It occurs in New South Wales.
- Macrozamia serpentina D.L. Jones & PIForst. : It only occurs in eastern Queensland.
- Macrozamia spiralis (Salisb.) Miq. : The chromosome number is 2n = 18. It occurs in eastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia stenomera L.ASJohnson : This endemic is only found in northeastern New South Wales.
- Macrozamia viridis D.L. Jones & PIForst. : This endemic occurs only in southeastern Queensland.
literature
- Loran M. Whitelock: The Cycads. Timber Press, Portland OR 2002, ISBN 0-88192-522-5 , pp. 248 f.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Macrozamia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel: Monographia Cycadearum. Utrecht, 1842, p. 36. ( scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org . )
- ↑ a b c d Macrozamia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 17, 2019.
- ↑ Loran M. Whitelock: The Cycads. 2002, pp. 249-281.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Macrozamia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 17, 2019.
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