Marian Kudera

Marian Kudera (born August 5, 1923 in Myslowitz , Upper Silesia , † July 19, 1944 executed in Dachau concentration camp ) was a resistance fighter against the Nazi regime.

The Polish , or “ Volksdeutsche ”, medical student lived in Innsbruck at Anichstrasse 44. On February 21, 1944, he was taken to the Innsbruck prison. He was accused of being the leading head of an approximately 60-strong “Polish resistance organization” against the Nazi regime in Tyrol . The presumed criminal offense should therefore be high treason . After the facts were established, the suspects were transferred to a concentration camp for " special treatment " , where two or three are said to have been hanged.

The outstanding thing about this case is that, despite the prohibition issued by the chief of police on May 28, 1936 (see document from Reinhard Heydrich ) , a judicial officer wrote down a protocol on the consequences of an " intensified interrogation " by Gestapo officials, which was issued by the respective police officer Examination of the medical officer of the correctional facility, Dr. Robert Kapferer, was created. This protocol was found by chance in the court files of the Innsbruck Regional Court (file number: GZ1 10 Vr 1745/47).

The wording of the protocol after a Gestapo interrogation:

“... Findings February 21, 1944. Kudera Marian. Swelling in the right apex area with bleeding skin transection 1.2 cm in length. Hazelnut-sized swelling just to the left of the outer left corner of the eye. 2 strip-shaped blood underflows in the vicinity of 5 and 3 cm in length. signed Dr. Kapferer.

A few days after Kudera's arrival, SS Untersturmführer Hinterhuber asked whether the more stringent questioning could be carried out in an interrogation cell in the prison. This was rejected by the management board of the detention center.

On March 6, 1944 at 4:45 pm, Criminal Secretary Güttner informed the Gestapo that detainee Kudera had been interrogated for two hours and subjected to all harassment. Güttner also ordered that Kudera, if medical help is required, may not be treated by the local prison doctor. Medical treatment can only be considered by the camp doctor. Güttner demanded not only that the feet be handcuffed, but also that the hands be handcuffed in the cell without interruption.

Since Kudera was neither recalcitrant nor violent in the detention center, I placed the named prisoner as a suicidal prisoner in the Tob cell (isolation or sedation cell) intended for the accommodation of the recalcitrant, violent and suicidal prisoners, only tied by the feet.

... The guards were instructed to keep an eye on Kudera. On March 6, 1944, after the intensified interrogation, countless streak-shaped blood underflows and other injuries were found on the thighs and buttocks at Kudera.

On March 7, 1944 9.15 am, Kudera was picked up from the detention center for an intensified questioning and transferred back to the detention center at 4.30 pm. After this further intensified questioning, innumerable new stripe-shaped, bloodshot injuries were found all over the back.

Furthermore, Kudera was picked up from the detention center on March 7, 1944 at 8:45 p.m. for a new interrogation and brought back to the detention center on March 8, 1:45 a.m. After this interrogation, Kudera had to be lifted out of the car by the two organs of the Gestapo (escort men) and supported by them, because Kudera was no longer able to walk and was completely broken due to the renewed intensified interrogation. Kudera's entire body, with the exception of the neck and head, was bloodshot.

On March 8, Kudera was picked up (8 a.m.) and returned to the detention center at 10 a.m. Kudera was no longer beaten because he made a confession during the intensified interrogation on the night of March 7th and 8th. Kudera is picked up every morning and afternoon for questioning by the Gestapo and returned to the detention center.

No abuse was found after March 8th. Reference is made to the associated findings by the prison doctor and the head of the health department in Innsbruck. ' The medical officer examined the prisoner Kudera on March 13, 1944 and issued the following findings:

'The aforementioned was examined about a week ago because of the severing of the scalp over the right parietal bone of about 1 1/2 cm in length and a swelling and blood underflow in the temporal area. These injuries are almost healed. The following can currently be found:

The whole left shoulder was bloodshot, as was the left upper arm and forearm. The left hand severely swollen and painful. Some abrasions on both hands. The whole back has blood underflow all over it. Next to the spine at the level of the shoulder blade angle, a deep round wound with an extension of 1 1/2 cm by 1 cm of a purulent section.

The right upper and lower arm also shows swellings and blood underflow, which have already been partially resorbed. The whole back, the lower back, the buttocks, the thighs and the lower legs are bloodshot in their entirety, whereby the transverse welt-like arrangement is clear. Several skin defects of a slight kind can also be identified.

Also some severe necrosis prone areas in the middle of the right thigh. The toes are partially swollen, as are the outer and inner ankle areas on the left foot. The examined person looks miserable, the voice is hoarse and powerless. The uvula swollen, the tonsils reddened. Temperature increased to 37, pulse rate in the minute 132. "

Marian Kudera and his brother Stefan Kudera (born September 8, 1916 in Dietfort, profession pharmacist) were hanged on July 19, 1944 in the Dachau concentration camp.

literature

• Witnesses of resistance; A documentary about the victims of National Socialism in North, East and South Tyrol from 1938 to 1945 . Edited by Johann Holzner (inter alia), Innsbruck (inter alia) 1977 (p. 47: Short biographies Marian Kudera and Stefan Kudera ) ISBN 3-7022-1282-5
• Resistance and persecution in Tyrol 1934–1945; A documentation , Ed. Documentation archive of the Austrian resistance . Ed .: Peter Eppel, Brigitte Galanda (inter alia), Vienna 1984, Vol. I ( Marian Kudera on pp. 399–402, 547, 551) ISBN 3-215-05367-5 (linen), ISBN 3-215-05366 -7 (boxed)
• Eduard Rabofsky , Gerhard Oberkofler: Hidden Roots of the Nazi Justice. Criminal law armament for two world wars , Vienna 1985, ISBN 3-203-50906-7 , pp. 23-25.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Lt. Letter from the International Tracing Service Arolsen of August 27, 1973, quoted in after: Resistance and persecution in Tyrol 1934–1945 , Vol. I, p. 402.
2. ↑ Lt. Testimony of a Gestapo man, see Resistance and Persecution in Tyrol , p. 417.
3. ^ Resistance and persecution in Tyrol , p. 400f .; E. Rabofsky, G. Oberkofler: Hidden Roots of the Nazi Justice , pp. 23-25.
4. ↑ "Walter Güttner was acquitted of the charges of bodily harm resulting in death in the judgments of the Munich jury court of September 28, 1956 and March 21, 1957", cited. Resistance and persecution in Tirol, p. 621, footnote 83. The Innsbruck Regional Court issued At the end of 1957 another arrest warrant for murder and serious physical damage (in several cases), see pp. 551–2.