Marszałkowska Dzielnica Mieszkaniowa

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Outline of today's quarter structure; Part of the Marszałkowska development in the south is missing . The connection between the two squares is a one-way street in a south-north direction; the traffic flowing south is led through the Waryńskiego , which was built after the war
The Krasiński tenement house from the 1900s as a model
Café on Plac Konstytucji in 1952
Youth organizations march at the inauguration ceremony on July 22, 1952

The Marszałkowska Dzielnica Mieszkaniowa ( MDM , in German: Marszałkowska-Wohnviertel ) in Warsaw is a residential area built after the Second World War . It covers an area of ​​around 80 hectares, belongs to the southern part of the inner city district and is an outstanding reference project of the classicistic expression of socialist realism in Poland. The district has a similar urban, political and architectural significance to the buildings erected a little later on Berlin's Karl-Marx-Allee , the construction of which, in addition to models in Soviet cities, also addressed the MDM district.

location

The MDM district is located around 1,000 meters west of the Vistula and 600 meters south of the Palace of Culture . It is bordered to the north by Ulica Wilcza and to the south by Plac Unii Lubelskiej . It thus leads over the Aleja Armii Ludowej expressway, which is lowered here . The main traffic arteries are Ulica Marszałkowska , which runs in north-south direction, and Ulica Waryńskiego . Other streets that (partially) run through the district are Ulica Litewska , Ulica Koszykowa , Ulica Mokotowska , Ulica Nowowiejska , Ulica Piękna , Ulica Stefanii Sempołowskiej , Ulica Śniadeckich and Aleja Wyzwolenia . Important places are Plac Konstytucji and Plac Zbawiciela .

history

Before the Second World War, this was a residential area designed by King Stanisław August Poniatowski with a star-shaped network of squares and streets, the centerpiece of which was Plac Zbawiciela . A large part of this building fabric was destroyed in the war. After the war it was decided to demolish part of the damaged west side of Marszałkowska to create a new district. Since there were historical buildings worth preserving east of Plac Zbawiciela , the extension of the new buildings in this direction was limited.

As the Warsaw population was increasingly critical of the priority given to the construction of public buildings in the first reconstruction phase, it was decided to provide the new district with residential development. The project planning was entrusted to an experienced group of architects who had already planned the WZ route . The major project was marketed politically under the slogan “People in the City Center” (Polish: Lud wejdzie do Śródmieścia ). The plan saw the construction of around 6,000 new apartments, 10 crèches, 22 kindergartens, 11 schools, 9 medical practices, a swimming pool, a sports field, a town hall, a guard (the citizens' militia), a hotel, five theaters, six cinemas and numerous Restaurants and shops in front. The plans could not be fully implemented.

The design of the new residential area followed Edmund Goldzamt's motto "National in form, socialist in content". In part, the elegant Krasiński tenement house (Polish: Kamienica Krasińskich ) on Plac Małachowskiego from 1910 served the architects as a model for the “national” element.

The construction of the district, along with the Palace of Culture, was Warsaw's outstanding construction investment in the years of socialist realism architecture (1949 to 1956). The construction took place in three sections (partial quarters). First, MDM I was built , the section from the historic Plac Zbawiciela to and including the new Plac Konstytucji . Construction here began on August 1, 1950. The second construction phase, MDM II , comprised the buildings between Plac Zbawiciela and Plac Unii Lubelskiej . The third part ( MDM III ), the "Latawiec" settlement, was built between 1953 and 1956 according to a design by Zofia Sekrecka. It is the building complex between Plac Zbawiciela and Plac Na Rozdrożu . The center of this ensemble is a newly laid out, elongated, octagonal square on the axis of the Aleja Wyzwolenia . When designing the square and the buildings surrounding it, Sekrecka was inspired by the French late Renaissance style ( Place des Vosges ).

Even if the official opening took place a year later, the first apartments were handed over on July 21, 1951. A total of 6,300 residential units (two- and three-room apartments) were built, which offered around 22,000 people living space. These apartments were generously dimensioned, they had central heating, elevator connections, garbage chutes, washing and drying rooms, gas stoves and hot water tanks; therefore, because of their central location as well as the palace-like ambience of the apartment blocks, they were very popular. Allocation required special connections.

The opening ceremonies on July 22, 1952 included parades and performances by athletes, units of the Polish militia, pioneers from the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, and delegations from many parts of Poland. President Bolesław Bierut and other officials greeted them from a purpose-built grandstand in the middle of Plac Konstytucji .

Later, the propaganda marketing of the MDM system even led to the creation of a cigarette brand of the same name, the logo of which is a stylized candelabra of the square.

Traffic planning

The central construction phase was built from 1950 to 1952 on Marszałkowska between Plac Unii Lubelskiej and Wilcza . The architects in charge were Stanisław Jankowski , Jan Knothe , Józef Sigalin and Zygmunt Stępiński . A new square was created as a traffic junction and representative center of the district - the Plac Konstytucji (German: Platz der Verfassungs ). The inauguration took place on July 22, 1952, the day on which the new Polish constitution (hence the name of the square) came into force.

The perimeter development of the approximately 100 × 200 meter square is symmetrical in the northern part, and slightly asymmetrical in the southern part due to the southwestern branch of the Waryńskiego . The Waryńskiego , measured only after the war, connects Plac Konstytucji with Ulica Puławska , as Marszałkowska, which crosses Plac Zbawiciela, which is designed as a roundabout, could not have absorbed the north-south traffic flows. The Marszałkowska is therefore kept on the section from Plac Unii Lubelskiej to Plac Konstytucji only as a local one-way street in a northward direction; The tram, which later joins the Puławska , also runs here . At the widened southern end of Plac Konstytucji there are three huge, eight-armed candelabra , which were also intended to simulate the symmetry of this asymmetrical part of the square. Hotel MDM is located at the front of the south end . On the square itself, the two three-lane lanes of Marszałkowska share and are led around a central parking lot and a tram stop.

At the beginning of the 1980s, it was decided to build the Warsaw subway . The Plac Konstytucji should a station ( "A 12", between the stations A 13 / Centrum and A 11 / Politechnika obtained). In 1989, the construction of this station was postponed for cost reasons and was not implemented during the construction of the section opened in 1998. However, it is planned to reintegrate the square into the route network of Line 1 in the future. In the case of the construction of a third subway line, the square is even being discussed as a crossing station.

architecture

The mostly 7-storey buildings in the district are monumentally structured and designed. They have sculptures, reliefs, mosaics and wall paintings both outside and inside. High-quality building materials were used, so walls are partially covered with stone slabs and polished granite . Solid cornices and roofs crown the individual buildings. Representations concern idealized people and scenes from the everyday life of the working class. The buildings on Plac Konstytucji have wide arcades . There are areas for shops on the high ground floor. In the building behind, the creation of a sales area was largely dispensed with in favor of the evenness of the architecture; there are only small kiosks here.

Another central part of the district is the historic Plac Zbawiciela , which with its roundabout only accepts local traffic from six star-shaped streets towards it (one of which, the Marszałkowska - here designed as a one-way street, only leads away), but it is for the surrounding apartment blocks has a central character. On the south side of this square is one of the few objects in the district from the prewar period, the Catholic Church of the Savior (Polish: Kościół Najświętszego Zbawiciela ), which was built at the beginning of the 20th century according to plans by Józef Pius Dziekoński , and was badly damaged in World War II was rebuilt after the war.

The quarter contains 210,000 square meters of streets and squares and 31 hectares of green space. Around 100,000 square meters of facade were built, 10,000 tons of reinforcing steel and 20,000 square meters of glass panes were installed.

today

Although the construction of the district in the 1950s was under great time pressure and only had to be carried out with insufficient structural equipment, the substance and the external appearance of the buildings are well preserved. In contrast to the central Plac Konstytucji , the side streets are quiet. The roadways of the square are very busy. At the southern end of the square, modern dining facilities (including the popular “U Szwejka” restaurant) have settled around the Hotel MDM. Time and again, the square also serves as a venue for public concerts or events; large, covered stages are usually built for this purpose. Warsaw's New Year's Eve 2010/11 took place here with performances by stars such as Roxette , Doda , Maleńczuk, Golec uOrkiestra , Varius Manx and Szymon Wydra.

References and comments

  1. ^ Janusz Durko, Album Warszawski / Warsaw Album. The image of the city according to the collections in the Historical Museum of the capital Warsaw , German-Polish edition, Agencja Reklamowo-Wydawnicza A. Grzegorczyk, ISBN 83-86902-73-6 , Warsaw 2000, p. 319 translates the Polish expression as Marszałkowska housing estate Street
  2. ↑ In Berlin, for example, the rapid construction of the MDM district in the heavily destroyed Warsaw was presented as an exemplary achievement of socialism, according to Maria Wojtysiak (Conc.), MDM-KMA-Warsaw-Berlin , see LitVerz.
  3. ^ Edmund Goldzamt (1921–1990) was a Polish architect of Jewish origin
  4. ↑ A formulation Goldzamt of Andrei Zhdanov had taken
  5. ↑ The architecture of the two blocks on Plac Konstytucji (No. 5 and 6) in particular relate to the upper-class apartment building. According to Mateusz Szczepaniak ( Marszałkowska Dzielnica Mieszkaniowa - seria I i II ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove it Note. In Naszastolica dated November 5, 2010) the architects thus tied in with the late classicism of the Stanisław era and the Corazzi architecture, with the national form relating to the architecture of the early Empire , which was also widespread in Russia @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / naszastolica.waw.pl
  6. ↑ a b c according to Jarosław Zieliński, Siedem “cudów” socrealizmu , in the magazine Stolica . Warszawski Magazyn Ilustrowany , ISSN  0039-1689 , issue 10/2011 (2235), Warsaw 2011, p. 14 f. (in Polish)
  7. ↑ Janina Rukowska, guide or around Warsaw , 3rd edition, ISBN 83-217-2380-2 , Sport i Turystyka, Warsaw 1982, p 102
  8. ↑ The (three) statues originally intended to replace the candelabra were not realized
  9. ↑ according to Article Sylwester 2010/2011: Warszawa, Plac Konstytucji - koncerty: Roxette, Doda, Maleńczuk, Golec uOrkiestra ( Memento of the original from September 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.students.pl archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at Students.pl from December 16, 2010 (in Polish)

literature

  • Julius A. Chroscicki and Andrzej Rottermund, Architectural Atlas of Warsaw , 1st edition, Arkady, Warsaw 1978, p. 94
  • Discover Małgorzata Danecka, Thorsten Hoppe, Warsaw. Tours through the Polish capital , Trescher Verlag, ISBN 978-3-89794-116-8 , Berlin 2008, p. 227f.
  • Werner Huber, Warsaw - Phoenix from the ashes. An architectural city guide , Verlag Böhlau, ISBN 3-412-14105-4 , Cologne 2005, p. 98 ff
  • Jerzy S. Majewski, Spacerownik. Warszawa Sladami PRL-u, Books of Walks. Landmarks of People's Poland in Warsaw , from the series: Biblioteka Gazety Wyborczej , Agora SA, ISBN 978-83-932220-0-1 , Warsaw 2010, p. 44 ff.
  • Maria Wojtysiak (Conc.), Monika Kapa-Cichocka (Red.), MDM-KMA-Warsaw-Berlin. The Architectural Legacy of Real Socialism in Warsaw and Berlin , Dom Spotkan z Historią, ISBN 978-83-62020-39-3 , Warsaw 2011

Web links

Commons : Marszałkowska Dzielnica Mieszkaniowa  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 52 ° 13 '15.7 "  N , 21 ° 1' 1.3"  E