Matrix metalloproteases

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Matrix metalloproteases (MMP) are a group of related enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins (called peptidases ). They occur in all living things except protozoa . In eukaryotes , they are located outside cells in the extracellular matrix , which they can break down when activated. This is part of the tissue remodeling that occurs in various biological processes such as morphogenesis , wound healing , angiogenesis, or tumor growth . In addition, MMPs have other functions in the processing of signal molecules that control cell behavior, whereby this function is often performed by a whole network of MMPs and at the same time slowed down by the body's own protease inhibitors .

While bacteria and archaea have only a few MMP homologs in the genome , up to two dozen are found in mammals . In humans, 23 matrix metalloproteinases known ( gene MMP1 to MMP28 ). Mutations in three MMP genes can cause rare hereditary diseases : Torg-Winchester syndrome , a special form of osteolysis ( MMP2 ); two forms of dysplasia ( MMP13 ); and a tooth enamel defect ( MMP20 ).

MMPs contain in addition to the peptidase domain , which is a metal (usually zinc , Zn ++ binding), one or more hemopexin - or vitronectin domains that the enzyme in the anchoring in the extracellular matrix or cell membrane help. In addition, they always have a calcium-binding domain, which is necessary for activation. They belong to the subfamily M10A in the MEROPS systematics of peptidases.

Matrix metalloproteases are mainly responsible for the breakdown of healthy tissue by malignant tumor cells .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ InterPro: IPR021190 Peptidase M10A, matrix metallopeptidase .
  2. ^ D. Rodríguez, CJ Morrison, CM Overall: Matrix metalloproteinases: what do they not do? New substrates and biological roles identified by murine models and proteomics. In: Biochimica et biophysica acta Volume 1803, Number 1, January 2010, pp. 39-54. doi: 10.1016 / j.bbamcr.2009.09.015 . PMID 19800373 . (Review).
  3. ↑ UniProt search result
  4. ↑ BC Jackson, DW Nebert, V. Vasiliou: Update of human and mouse matrix metalloproteinase families. In: Human genomics Volume 4, Number 3, February 2010, pp. 194-201. PMID 20368140 .
  5. ↑ MEROPS: Summary for family M10 .
  6. ↑ http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v2/n3/fig_tab/nrc745_F4.html .