Menephilus cylindricus
| Menephilus cylindricus | ||||||||||||
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Menephilus cylindricus |
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| Menephilus cylindricus | ||||||||||||
| ( Autumn , 1784) |
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| Fig. 1: Top view | Fig. 2: Front view | Fig. 3: Front leg ♂ |
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| Fig. 4: First description by Herbst | ||
Menephilus cylindricus is a beetle from the family of black beetles (Tenebrionidae). It is also called the tooth neck black beetle. Of the 29 known species of the genus Menephilus , most inhabit the East Indies, East Africa and Australia. Menephilus cylindricus is the only representative of the genus in Europe. In Germany, this jungle relic was considered lost or extinct (Category 0), but there is a new find from Brandenburg from2008.
Notes on the name
The beetle was first described by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1784 under the name Tenebrio cylindricus (Fig. 4). The description does not contain any reference to the species name cylindricus, but this most likely refers to the cylindrical body shape of the beetle ( Latin cylíndricus cylindrical).
The genus Menēphilus was established by Martial Étienne Mulsant in 1854 and placed behind Tenebrio . Mulsant himself explains the etymology of the name with old Gr. μήνη "mēne" for "moon" and φίλος "phílos" for "friend"
Menephilus curfipes Fabricius (cúrvipes from cúrvus, curved and pēs, foot) and Menephilus loripes Illiger (lōripes, floppy) are considered local varieties.
Description of the beetle
The elongated beetle has parallel sides and is only slightly arched. It becomes 14 to 15 millimeters long. It is bald and shiny black, antennae, underside and tarsi are brown-black.
The head is about as long as it is wide and significantly narrower than the pronotum . It narrows behind the eyes. On the forehead you can see a groove in the shape of a half hexagon (Fig. 2). The upper, horizontal side of this channel can be bulged. The eyes do not touch the pronotum. They are flat and outlined at the front. An elongated crease runs above the eyes, which can reach the groove on the forehead. The eleven-link antennae reach about halfway up the pronotum. From the sixth link onwards, the antennae become increasingly flatter and wider. The links seven to ten are wider than they are long. The end link is approximately lenticular. The mandibles end with two tips. The last link of the jaw probe is somewhat flat, triangular and truncated at a slight angle. The end link of the lip switch is less widened. The lower lip has a longitudinal keel.
The pronotum is only slightly wider than it is long and drawn out into a small tooth at the rear corners. This protrudes a little upwards and points straight back. The almost parallel sides are only slightly arched outwards and slightly concave in front of the rear corners . The pronotum is bordered thickly on the sides and at the base, the border in the middle disappears at the front. When viewed from above, it appears to be cut straight at the front and slightly indented forwards in front of each wing cover. It is moderately coarse and densely punctured somewhat irregularly , the puncture is only slightly more intense than that of the head.
The label is rounded triangular.
The elytra are slightly wider in front than the pronotum at the rear angles. They are about 2 ½ times as long as they are together wide. The sides are almost parallel. They end together bluntly rounded and completely cover the abdomen. The elytra have parallel rows of dots deepened in furrows. The spaces between these dot stripes are finely dotted and wrinkled, they are only slightly curved. The underlaid part of the wing cover (epipleure) continues to the wing cover suture.
The underside of the abdomen is dense and finely dotted, the underside of the rear breast is almost smooth, the front and mid-breast are roughly dotted underneath. The fore legs are thickened, the front splints in the male are strongly curved outwards and decorated with a golden yellow ball of tomentose at the end (Fig. 3). All legs and rails are imperforated. The tarsal links are also hairy golden yellow on the underside. The fore and middle tarsi are five-limbed, the hind tarsi four-limbed. The tarsal links are all short except for the terminal links. The claw link of the hind tarsi is longer than the other three links combined.
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Fig. 5: 444: Larva from above 456: pupa and 457: its lateral abdominal appendage |
Fig. 6: 450, 451: upper jaw 446: mouthparts from below 457: lower jaw with jaw probe |
Fig. 7: 448: antennae 449: Ocellen, see text 452: leg |
Fig. 8: Appendix at the end of the abdomen 453: from above, 455: from the side and 454: from behind |
Larva and pupa
The shiny larva (Fig. 5 Fig. 444) becomes 15 to 16 millimeters long in the last stage. It is only weakly chitinized . The sides are parallel, the top is strong, the bottom is less curved.
The head has some hair on the front and on the sides. It is yellowish-brown, is almost the width of the body and is somewhat retracted into the front breast. It is barely noticeably punctured and wrinkled. The upper lip has the shape of half a disk, it is quite long and hairy red. The red upper jaws, black towards the tip, are weakly curved. Viewed from the side (Fig. 6 Fig. 450) one sees three teeth, the middle one being large and the two outer ones being small. Viewed from above (Fig. 6 Fig. 451) one recognizes two lower lying teeth behind the tip, the one at the base lying deepest. The base of the upper jaw is angled. The elongated lower jaws (Fig. 6, Fig. 447) have a strong thorn at the tip, while other smaller thorns line a groove on the inside. The jaw probes are clearly curved inwards. The base and the end link are of the same length, the middle one is longer and has a long bristle outside near the tip. The lower lip (Fig. 6, Fig. 446) is drawn out into two lobes in front, like a heart, with a small, pointed process in between. The straight lip probes, which consist of two equal links, do not reach the tip of the lower jaw. The antennae consist of four members according to Fig. 7 Fig. 448. There is a red spot near the base of the antennae on the side of the cheeks. There are three individual eyes forming a transversal row, slightly below and near the edge of the row, as in Fig. 7 Fig. 449, there are two arches which possibly delimit two further rudimentary ocels.
The front chest is the same length and a little wider than the head. The front third and the rear edge are bright rust-red. The middle and back chest sections are only half as long as the front chest. Except for the red rear edge, they are the same color as the head. The strong legs (Fig. 7 Fig. 452) have stiff hair, especially on the underside. The claws are black except on the red base.
The abdomen consists of nine segments. The first seven are colored like the head except for the narrow, dark rear edge. They are about the same size and equally strongly dotted. The seventh and eighth abdominal segments are slightly larger, more dotted and rust-red. The eighth segment flattens out in a step-like manner at the rear (Fig. 8 Fig. 455), with the fall having a transverse channel halfway up. The ninth segment is scattered and weakly dotted above and below and ends in a pair of appendages curved upwards and even backwards at the tip (Fig. 9 in different views). This is black at the top and rust-red at the base with two black teeth, one of which is bent outwards and the other downwards. On the inside of the base, two extensions with black tips face each other in such a way that they almost enclose a circular to elliptical surface. Each abdomen segment has a breathing opening ( stigma ) on each side . The foremost stigma is large and elliptical and located near the front edge of the segment side. The following stigmata are smaller, rounder and each lie in the front third of the segment page.
The pupa (Fig. 5 Fig. 456) is initially white, then it becomes reddish. The flat lateral abdominal slopes of the first through sixth segments are as shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 457.
The differences from the mealworm, the larva of the flour beetle , is so clear that Éduard Perris , of the kind so than Tenebrio curvipes describes already hopes that the species in the genus Tenebrio is removed.
biology
According to old finds in Central Europe, the larvae were reported in decaying oak and red beech trees, but decaying pines are probably preferred for development . The species loves warmth. In an investigation of the altitude gradient in Italy, the species was only found between sea level and 100 meters. For the maritime pines in southern France, Perris notes that the larvae do not appear until the state of decomposition has advanced and the dead wood has already been attacked by longhorn beetle larvae. The larvae feed mainly on the filling of the feeding tunnels of the former colonists, which consists of excrement and nailed rods. Pupation takes place from June to mid-August in an elongated, round cell after a few days of rest. Development takes one to two years.
distribution
The beetle is widespread in southern Europe, very rare in northern and eastern countries. Winter cold is probably less of a limiting factor for the spread than a too low heat sum in summer. Apart from southern Europe, the species was reported from Sweden, various Austrian federal states, Bohemia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Turkey after 1950. In Germany there is a new find from 2008, which has not yet been included in the Red Lists. There the beetle is still considered extinct.
literature
- Heinz joy , Karl Wilhelm Harde , Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): The beetles of Central Europe . tape 8 . Teredilia Heteromera Lamellicornia . Elsevier, Spektrum, Akademischer Verlag, Munich 1969, ISBN 3-8274-0682-X . P. 259
- Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica, the beetles of the German Empire III. Volume, KGLutz 'Verlag, Stuttgart 1911 p. 346
- Gustav Jäger (Ed.): CG Calwer’s Käferbuch . K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3rd edition p. 620
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Herbst : Critical directory of my insect collection in the Archive of Insect History Zurich 1784 p. 144 at BHL p. 144
- ↑ Menephilus cylindricus in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved January 4, 2014
- ↑ a b Red Lists at Science4you, accessed on January 4, 2014
- ↑ Menephilus in coleo-net, accessed on January 5, 2014
- ↑ Menephilus at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved January 4, 2014
- ↑ a b Jens Esser: " Recovery of Menephilus cylindricus near Berlin and thus for Germany" Entomologische Zeitschrift 2009 [1]
- ↑ a b c Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus) .
- ↑ a b c d Mulsant : Histoire naturelle des coléoptères de France - Latigènes Paris 1854 at BHL p.291
- ↑ Gustav Jäger (Ed.): CG Calwer’s Käferbuch . K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3rd edition p. 620
- ↑ Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica, the beetles of the German Empire III. Volume, KGLutz 'Verlag, Stuttgart 1911 p. 346
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Éduard Perris: Histoire des insectes du pin maritime Paris 1863 excerpts from 1852–1863 1st vol. P. 421 ff, BHL description p. 421ff and drawings 3rd series Volume 5 (1857), plate 8, Figs. 444-457
- ↑ S. Fattorini: Variation in zoogeographical composition along an elevation gradient: the tenebrionid beetles of Latium (Central Italy) Entomologia 2013 vol 1: e6 Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Bekir Keskin: Balçova Barajı (İzmir; Türkiye) civarı Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) faunası Türk.entomol.derg., 1999, 23 (3): 211-224 ISSN 1010-6960 Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2014 in Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Bussler, Müller, Dorka: The saproxlic beetles in the proposed Parcul National Defileul Jiului Anale ICAS, 48 [2]
