Meteor (satellite)

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Postage stamp for the Meteor weather satellite ( Deutsche Post (GDR) )

The Meteor satellites are Soviet or Russian weather satellites . They are used to monitor the temperature of the atmosphere and the sea surface, the humidity and (using optical sensors) the measurement of cloud formation, ice and snow cover.

Versions

Mockup of the Russian weather satellite Kosmos 122 (1966), Musée de l'air et de l'espace

The development of the first generation of satellites began in October 1960. The first satellites of the Meteor series were initially launched in 1964 under the code name Kosmos . Officially, Kosmos 122 (launched on June 25, 1966) was first referred to as a weather satellite. B. started with Kosmos 44, 58, 100 and 118 satellites to explore the atmosphere. All satellites saved at least some of the data in order to transmit them when flying over the ground stations. In order to provide better coverage and more frequent data from the same area, several satellites were generally always in orbit at the same time.

Meteor-1

With the launch of Meteor-1-1 on February 1, 1969, the satellites officially bore this name. However, the first launch failed due to an error in the upper stage of the launcher and so the successor, launched on March 26, 1969, only got the name Meteor-1-1. A total of ten Kosmos and 28 Meteor-1 of this series were launched by 1977. The instruments on board included two cameras in the spectral band 0.3 to 3 µm and 8 to 12 µm and a swath width of 1500 km. Some of the satellites (e.g. Meteor-1-8) carried additional instruments for testing purposes. The weight of the cylindrical satellites at launch was around 3.8 tons, their size was around 1.5 meters in diameter and 5 meters in length. They were initially brought into an initially 350 and later 650 km high orbit with an inclination of 81.2 ° with Vozhod rockets . Two plasma thrusters of the type SPT-50, 60 or 70 from OKB Fakel were installed on board each of the satellites for test or attitude control purposes. The Astrofisika satellite (Kosmos 1066, GRAU index 11F653), which also had two plasma engines, was built on the basis of the Meteor-1 platform . The 2750 kg satellite was placed in a circular orbit at an altitude of 854 km and an inclination of 81.1 ° on December 23, 1978. He had special sensors on board to detect laser beams on earth. Nothing is known about its intended use, but tests of the propagation of light in the upper atmosphere for military lasers or the measurement of the position control accuracy of the satellite control system were suspected. Meteor 1-1 burned up in the night of March 26th to 27th, 2012 in the earth's atmosphere upon re-entry .

Meteor Priroda

Only one of the satellites based on the Meteor-1 series was officially launched. They were developed from December 1971 and weigh about 3.8 tons. In addition to weather observation, they were also used for remote sensing of the earth. Two four-channel multispectral cameras with a swath width of 1930 km and a resolution of 1.5 km were used as the payload of the official copy . In addition, a two-channel camera with a swath width of 1380 km edge length and 240 m resolution and a four-channel multispectral scanner (MSR-SA) medium (170 m) and a three-channel multispectral scanner (MSU-VA) with CCD technology and high resolution (30 m) were installed. A four-channel radiometer and a spectrophotometer developed in Bulgaria (32 channels in a 280 km swath width) completed the payload. Since five other Meteor satellites also differ in their instrumentation, you could also be counted as belonging to this series. This was the first Meteor-1-18 to be brought into a 950 km orbit on July 9, 1974 with a Vostok-2M rocket . It was followed by Meteor-1-25, -28, -29, -30 and on July 10, 1981 Meteor-1-31, which was also officially called Meteor-Priroda-1 and was promoted to a 650 km high sun-synchronous 97 ° orbit . They can be seen as the forerunners of the later Resurs-O1 satellites, which, however, were developed on the basis of the Meteor-3 satellite bus .

Meteor-2

The second generation satellites had an extended service life of around one year and, with a launch mass of less than three tons, were lighter than the first generation. There were three cameras on board. Two of them in the spectral range from 0.5 to 0.7 µm with a swath width of over 2000 km and a resolution of two or one kilometer. The third camera in the infrared range from 8 to 12 µm wavelength had a swath width of 2800 km and a resolution of eight km. In addition, measuring devices for electromagnetic radiation and an eight-channel infrared radiometer in the range from 11.1 to 18.7 µm, a swath width of 1000 km and a resolution of 37 m were used. The development of the satellite began in 1967 and the first launch took place on July 11, 1975. A total of 21 satellites were launched in an orbit with an altitude of initially 850 km, later 950 km and an inclination of 81.2 °. The data transmission to earth took place on the frequency of about 137 MHz. Initially, the Vostok-2M (up to 2-1 to 2-7, 2-9 and 2-10), later the Zyklon (2-8, from 2-11), was used as a launch vehicle. A special Fizeau reflector (according to Armand Fizeau ) was also attached to the last Meteor-2-21 satellite . This consisted of a 15 cm long linear arrangement of three glass cubes, the two outer cubes being attached at an angle of 45 ° to the central quartz cube. This system was used to check predictions made by the theory of relativity for moving objects.

Meteor-3

The development of these satellites began in December 1972. However, it was not until November 27, 1984 that the first satellite was launched as Kosmos 1612. However, this did not get into its intended orbit and could only be used to a limited extent. The first official launch took place on October 24, 1985. The satellites of the third generation of the Meteor satellites were placed in a polar orbit at an altitude of about 1200 km and an inclination of 82.5 °. They now had a lifespan of two years. With a starting weight of 2150 to 2500 kg (including 500 to 700 kg of useful weight), they were even lighter than the previous generation and had a cylindrical shape with a diameter of about one meter and a height of 1.5 m and had two solar cell arms with a span of ten meters. The standard equipment consisted of various measuring instruments. In addition, it was possible to mount further instruments on the satellite. So, for example, wore Meteor 3-5, a six-channel UV - spectrometer called TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer), which from the NASA was developed and built. It was used to measure the ozone and sulfur dioxide concentration in the earth's atmosphere and used an optical sensor that determined the reflections of the earth's atmosphere in the near UV range in six narrow spectral ranges. It had a swath width of 42 km and could be swiveled by 55.5 °, so that a total coverage of a 2800 km wide strip of the earth's surface was possible. On Meteor-3-6 came the PRARE (Precise Range and Range-Rate Equipment) instrument, a microwave satellite tracking system operating at two frequencies with data storage and preprocessing of the data on board the satellite. With the device it was possible to determine the orbit of the satellite to an accuracy of 10 to 20 cm or to determine the coordinates of points on the earth's surface with an accuracy of one centimeter or better. In addition, the RRA (RetroReflector Array), a laser reflector with 24 reflectors and a diameter of 28 cm, was used on the Meteor-3-6.

instrument Spectral band (µm) Resolution (km) Swath width (km) Operating schedule
Scanning TV sensor with on-board data recording system and global coverage 0.5-0.8 0.7x1.4 3100 Recording and direct data transfer
Scanning TV sensor with direct data transmission 0.5-0.8 1x2 2600 direct data transfer
IR radiometer with global coverage 10.5-12.5 3x3 3100 Recording and direct data transfer
Ten-channel scanning IR radiometer 9.65-18.7 35x35 * 400 Recording and direct data transfer
Measuring system for electromagnetic radiation 0.17-600 MeV - - Recording and direct data transfer

The transmission of the data to the control center takes place on the frequency 466.5 MHz, for the transmission to local stations the frequency 137.85 MHz is used. A total of only six satellites of this series were launched, whereby satellites of the Meteor 2 series were also launched at the same time.

Meteor-3M

Meteor-3M

Only one of this last and newest generation of Meteor satellites was launched on December 10, 2001 on a 1015 km high orbit with an inclination of 99.7 ° with a Zenit rocket. The start was actually announced for 1996. The satellite weighs around 2.5 t, the payload could be increased to 900 kg and has a cylindrical shape 1.4 m in diameter and 2.2 m in length. The increase in the payload also made it possible to increase the power supply of the satellite to 1 kW. In addition, the service life has been increased to two years and the position accuracy has been improved. The signal transmission to earth was switched to a frequency of 1.7 GHz. In addition to the Russian instruments, the American instrument SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) was also on board the satellite. This consisted of a grating spectrometer with a CCD sensor which worked in nine areas of the spectrum from 0.29–1.55 µm and was able to measure the distribution of ozone, nitrogen oxides, water vapor and chlorine compounds in the earth's atmosphere. The satellite only worked trouble-free for two years and was finally shut down in March 2006.

Meteor-M

Meteor-M

On September 7, 2009, a Soyuz-2-1b Fregat rocket was used to launch the first of a new generation of meteor weather satellites into an 830 km high sun-synchronous orbit. According to their name, the standard equipment consists of the following instruments: MSU-MR (six-channel scanner in the range from 0.6 to 12.5 µm for measuring cloud cover with a swath width of 2800 km and a resolution of 1 km), KMSS (triple three-channel scanner from the two with 100 mm focal length in the range from 0.53 to 0.90 µm with a total of 960 km swath width and 60 to 100 m resolution, as well as one with 50 mm focal length in the range from 0.37 to 0.69 µm with 940 km swath width) , MTVZA-GY (for temperature and humidity measurement, as well as wind speed up to a height of 80 km above sea level with 29 channels in the range of 10.6–183.3 GHz with a swath width of 1500 km and a resolution of up to 12 km), Severjanin or OBRC (ice monitoring using an X-band radar with synthetic aperture with 450 to 600 km swath width and a resolution between 400 and 1000 m), Radiomet (Radio Occultation Instrument for temperature and pressure measurements, GPS / Glonass Receptions r for radio occultation measurements with 300 km horizontal and 0.5 km vertical resolution) and GGAK-M (Geophysical Monitoring System Suite, radiation measuring devices for protons and electrons). The launch mass of the satellite is 2700 kg, with 1200 kg payload. The lifespan is given as five years. From 2016, an improved version of the Meteor-MP satellites will be used. These should weigh around 3300 kg and be equipped with new instruments. For example, the MSU-MR instrument should work with 17 instead of 6 channels and have a resolution of up to 0.25 km with the same swath width.

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Start list

satellite Starting place Start date
( UTC ) 		COSPAR name ,
NSSDCA 		Catalog no.
( AFSC ) 		Remarks
Cosmos 44 Baikonur August 28, 1964 1964-053A 876 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series (cylinder 3 m long and 1 m in diameter)
Cosmos 58 Baikonur February 26, 1965 1965-014A 1097 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series, weighing 4730 kg
Cosmos 100 Baikonur December 17, 1965 1965-106A 1843 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series, weighing 4730 kg
Cosmos 118 Baikonur May 11, 1966 1966-038A 2168 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series, weighing 4730 kg
Cosmos 122 Baikonur June 25, 1966 1966-057A 2254 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series, weighing 4730 kg
Cosmos 144 Plesetsk February 28, 1967 1967-018A 2695 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series, weighing 4730 kg
Cosmos 156 Plesetsk April 27, 1967 1967-039A 2762 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series, weighing 4730 kg
Cosmos 184 Plesetsk October 24, 1967 1967-102A 3010 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series, weighing 4730 kg
Cosmos 206 Plesetsk March 14, 1968 1968-019A 3150 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series, weighing 4730 kg
Cosmos 226 Plesetsk June 12, 1968 1968-049A 3282 Forerunner of the Meteor-1 series, weighing 4730 kg
Meteor 1-x Plesetsk 1st February 1969 - - First official satellite in the series. False start due to errors in the upper stage of the launch vehicle
Meteor 1-1 Plesetsk March 26, 1969 1969-029A 3835
Meteor 1-2 Plesetsk October 6, 1969 1969-084A 4119
Meteor 1-3 Plesetsk March 17, 1970 1970-019A 4349
Meteor 1-4 Plesetsk April 28, 1970 1970-037A 4393
Meteor 1-5 Plesetsk June 23, 1970 1970-047A 4419
Meteor 1-6 Plesetsk October 15, 1970 1970-085A 4583
Meteor 1-7 Plesetsk 20th January 1971 1971-003A 4849
Meteor 1-8 Plesetsk 17th April 1971 1971-031A 5142
Meteor 1-9 Plesetsk July 16, 1971 1971-059A 5327
Meteor 1-10 Plesetsk December 29, 1971 1971-120A 5731
Meteor 1-11 Plesetsk March 30, 1972 1972-022A 5917
Meteor 1-12 Plesetsk June 30, 1972 1972-049A 6079
Meteor 1-13 Plesetsk October 26, 1972 1972-085A 6256
Meteor 1-14 Plesetsk March 20, 1973 1973-015A 6392
Meteor 1-15 Plesetsk May 29, 1973 1973-034A 6659
Meteor 1-16 Plesetsk March 5th 1974 1974-011A 7209
Meteor 1-17 Plesetsk April 24, 1974 1974-025A 7274
Meteor 1-18 Plesetsk July 9, 1974 1974-052A 7363
Meteor 1-19 Plesetsk October 28, 1974 1974-083A 7490
Meteor 1-20 Plesetsk 17th December 1974 1974-099A 7574
Meteor 1-21 Plesetsk April 1, 1975 1975-023A 7714
Meteor 2-1 Plesetsk July 11, 1975 1975-064A 8026
Meteor 1-22 Plesetsk 18th September 1975 1975-087A 8293
Meteor 1-23 Plesetsk December 25, 1975 1975-124A 8519
Meteor 1-24 Plesetsk April 7, 1976 1976-032A 8799
Meteor 1-25 Plesetsk May 15, 1976 1976-043A 8845
Meteor 1-26 Plesetsk October 15, 1976 1976-102A 9481
Meteor 2-2 Plesetsk January 6, 1977 1977-002A 9661
Meteor 1-27 Plesetsk April 5th 1977 1977-024A 9903
Meteor 1-28 Baikonur June 29, 1977 1977-057A 10113
Meteor 2-3 Plesetsk December 14, 1977 1977-117A 10514
Meteor 1-29 Baikonur January 25, 1979 1979-005A 11251
Meteor 2-4 Plesetsk March 1, 1979 1979-021A 11288
Meteor 2-5 Plesetsk October 31, 1979 1979-095A 11605
Meteor 1-30 Baikonur June 18, 1980 1980-051A 11848
Meteor 2-6 Plesetsk September 9, 1980 1980-073A 11962
Meteor 2-7 Plesetsk May 14, 1981 1981-043A 12456
Meteor Priroda Baikonur July 10, 1981 1981-065A 12585
Meteor 2-8 Plesetsk March 25, 1982 1982-025A 13113
Meteor 2-9 Plesetsk December 14, 1982 1982-116A 13718
Meteor 2-10 Plesetsk October 28, 1983 1983-109A 14452
Meteor 2-11 Plesetsk 5th July 1984 1984-072A 15099
Meteor 2-12 Plesetsk February 6, 1985 1985-013A 15516
Meteor 3-1 Plesetsk October 24, 1985 1985-100A 16191
Meteor 2-13 Plesetsk December 26, 1985 1985-119A 16408
Meteor 2-14 Plesetsk May 27, 1986 1986-039A 16735
Meteor 2-15 Plesetsk 5th January 1987 1987-001A 17290
Meteor 2-16 Plesetsk August 18, 1987 1987-068A 18312
Meteor 2-17 Plesetsk January 30, 1988 1988-005A 18820
Meteor 3-2 Plesetsk July 26, 1988 1988-064A 19336
Meteor 2-18 Plesetsk February 28, 1989 1989-018A 19851
Meteor 3-3 Plesetsk October 24, 1989 1989-086A 20305
Meteor 2-19 Plesetsk June 27, 1990 1990-057A 20670
Meteor 2-20 Plesetsk September 28, 1990 1990-086A 20826
Meteor 3-4 Plesetsk April 24, 1991 1991-030A 21232
Meteor 3-5 Plesetsk August 15, 1991 1991-056A 21655
Meteor 2-21 Plesetsk August 31, 1993 1993-055A 22782
Meteor 3-6 Plesetsk January 25, 1994 1994-003A 22969
Meteor 3M Baikonur December 10, 2001 2001-056A 27001 Had the SAGE III instrument of NASA aboard
Meteor-M 1 Baikonur 17th September 2009 2009-049A 35865
Meteor-M 2 Baikonur July 8, 2014 2014-037A 40069
Meteor-M 2-1 Vostochny November 28, 2017 - - The satellite did not reach the desired orbit due to a programming error that made Baikonur the missile's launch point instead of Vostochny .
Meteor-M 2-2 Vostochny 5th July 2019 2019-038A 44387

literature

  • Observation of the Earth and its Environment. Survey of Missions and Sensors. Springer, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-540-42388-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Bernd Leitenberger: Weather satellites
  2. ↑ Meteor-M in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  3. ↑ a b Gunter Krebs: Meteor-M 1. In: Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved March 25, 2011 .
  4. ^ Garner, Brophy, Polk, Pless: Performance Evaluation and Life Testing of the SPT-100. (PDF; 0.6 MB) NASA, September 13, 1993, accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  5. ↑ Launch History. Fakel, archived from the original on May 9, 2013 ; accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  6. ↑ Astrofizika in the Encyclopedia Astronautica, accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  7. ↑ Jonathan McDowell: Jonathan's Space Report No. 532. In: spaceref.com. August 9, 2004, accessed March 25, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Thomas Weyrauch: Re-entry of Meteor-1-1 , in Raumfahrer.net, March 27, 2012, accessed: April 3, 2012
  9. ^ Meteor-Priroda in the Encyclopedia Astronautica, accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  10. ↑ Meteor-1 / Meteor-2 / Meteor-Priroda Series in ESA's eoPortal
  11. ↑ Meteor-2 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica, accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  12. ↑ Mark Torrence: Meteor-2-21 / FIZEAU. NASA, accessed March 25, 2011 .
  13. ↑ Meteor-3 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica, accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  14. ↑ Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). JAXA, February 5, 1998, accessed March 25, 2011 .
  15. ↑ Mark Torrence: Meteor 3-6 / PRARE. NASA, accessed March 25, 2011 .
  16. ^ Frank Flechtner, Stefan Bedrich, Andreas Teubel: Modeling the Ionosphere with PRARE. ESA, accessed March 25, 2011 .
  17. ^ Space System METEOR-3. infospace.ru, accessed March 25, 2011 .
  18. ↑ Meteor-3M in the Encyclopedia Astronautica, accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  19. ^ Meteor-3M. (PDF; 595 kB) NASA, May 11, 2007, archived from the original on June 20, 2010 ; accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  20. ↑ Uspensky, Asmus, Dyaduchenko, Milekhin: Russian Environmental Satellites: Current Status and Development Perspectives. (PDF; 5.7 MB) 2003, accessed on March 25, 2011 (English).
  21. ↑ Spaceflight101: Meteor-M # 2 ( memento of October 2, 2018 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on July 20, 2014
  22. ↑ russianspaceweb.com: Meteor spacecraft family , accessed July 20, 2014
  23. ↑ Vasily V. Asmus: Status of current and planned Russian meorological satellite systems (PDF, 8 MB). Presentation for the 4th Asia-Oceania Meteorological Satellite Users Conference , SRC Planeta, Roshydromet, accessed July 20, 2014.
  24. ↑ Russian satellite lost after being set to launch from wrong spaceport . The Guardian December 28, 2017