Carrot

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Carrot
One of three Erebia panels from The Large Butterflies of the Earth, published in 1915 by Adalbert Seitz.

One of three Erebia panels from The Large Butterflies of the Earth , published in 1915 by Adalbert Seitz .

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Superfamily : Papilionoidea
Family : Noble butterfly (Nymphalidae)
Subfamily : Eye butterflies (Satyrinae)
Genre : Carrot
Scientific name
Erebia
Dalman , 1816

The Mohrenfalter ( Erebia , also Schwärzlinge ) form a species-rich genus from the family of the noble butterfly , which is distributed throughout the Holarctic . It currently includes 80 species or 90 to 100 species, depending on the author.

features

butterfly

The moths are usually small to medium-sized. Most species have light gray-brown, dark brown to black colored fore and hind wings, with red, reddish brown, orange, yellow or even white bands as well as eye spots in different sizes, positions and numbers, which can also be black or white spotted . The overall quite dark basic colors of the Erebia species are interpreted as an adaptation to cold and also rather humid climates.

The eyes are naked and relatively large, the palps are three-part and hairy. The feelers are made up of about 30 elements, the bulb is clearly separated and egg-shaped. The front legs have receded and can no longer be used to clean the eyes. In contrast, the middle and rear pair of legs are strongly built. In the thoracic area , the prothorax is very small, the mesothorax is very large and the metathorax is medium-sized. Androconia (scent scales of the males) are only developed in some species.

Egg, caterpillar and pupa

The egg is usually typically oval, i. H. with slightly wider, differently flattened underside and narrower, differently flattened upper side and relatively large. The surface is usually provided with more or less strong longitudinal ribs; however, the eggs can also be smooth in a few species. At first they are usually light (yellowish, whitish, greenish), later they usually get darker and often have a characteristic dot pattern.

The caterpillars grow up to be between two and three centimeters long. With a few exceptions, the hair is relatively sparse. The head of the egg caterpillar is quite large in relation to the rest of the body, and relatively small in the later stages. They are usually green or brown in color. The striation is species-specific, but also intra-species from caterpillar stage to caterpillar stage.

The mostly compact pupa has a few attachments on the pupal shell, but these are not realized in the butterfly. The eyes are z. B. not drawn on the doll's cover. The tip of the antenna sheath is empty despite the creation of segments on the doll's skin. There are tumble and earth dolls. The Kremaster is mostly frustoconical with a few thorns or without thorns.

Geographical occurrence and habitat

The genus has adapted to dry, damp and cold habitats. Most species can be found in highlands, low mountain ranges and mountain ranges or at higher latitudes. Many black butterflies can be found in the Alps , the Rocky Mountains , in Central Asia , in subarctic or even arctic regions in the entire Holarctic .

Way of life

The species of the genus Erebia have a cycle of one or two years. In the latter case, the egg caterpillar overwinters in the egg, and then the almost adult caterpillar (usually penultimate stage). The growth of the caterpillars is very slow. The moths are diurnal and visit nectar-rich flowers. The eggs are always laid individually on the respective food plants or on stones. The caterpillars molt three or four times, i.e. that is, four or five stages are formed. They feed mostly polyphagous on different types of rush family (Juncaceae), sour grass family (Cyperaceae) and sweet grasses (Poaceae). They come out of their hiding places in the evening, but some are also active during the day. Pupation takes place on the ground or near the ground between plant parts.

Taxonomy and systematics

The genus Erebia was established by Johan Wilhelm Dalman in 1816. As a type he chose the white-banded black butterfly , described by Carl von Linné in 1758 as Papilio ligea . Up until then, most of the noble butterflies had been placed in this very large genus Papilio . Only three years later, Jacob Huebner split the new genre into five other genres. Due to the description of numerous new species, especially in the Alps in the 19th and early 20th centuries, there were many synonyms and double descriptions, triggered among other things by the high variability of many black butterflies due to altitude, time of year, temperature fluctuations, etc. Molecular biological studies have determined that many of the varieties previously listed as subspecies are actually different enough and thus confirm their status as independent species. The latest studies have also confirmed the theory that many species are Ice Age relics. The number of species described worldwide is now given as around 80 or between 90 and 100.

Types (selection)

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Sonderegger (2005: p. 55)
  2. ↑ a b J. Albre, C. Gers, L. Legal: Molecular phylogeny of the Erebia tyndarus (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) species group combining CoxII and ND5 mitochondrial genes: A case study of a recent radiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47 (1): 196-210, 2008, doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.01.009 (HTML abstract)
  3. ↑ David J. Carter, Brian Hargreaves: Caterpillars and Butterflies of Europe and their Forage Plants . 1st edition. Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-490-13918-6 (Original title: A field guide to caterpillars of butterflies and moths in Britain and Europe . Translated by Alexander Pelzer).
  4. ↑ Vladimir Lukhtanov: Familia Nymphalidae Swainson, 1827 TG: Nymphalis Kluk, 1780. Subfamilia Satyrinae Boisduval, [1833]. TG: Satyrus Latreiile, 1810. (XLS, 1.22 MiB) In: Global Butterfly Names. University College London, March 18, 2007, accessed August 3, 2017 (Latin / English).
  5. ↑ Hübner, Jacob (1819): Several new genera for Erebia . In: Directory of known butterflies. [sic!] (Volume 4): 62-64.

literature

  • Walter Forster and Theodor. A. Welfare: Butterflies of Central Europe. Volume II. Butterfly diurna (Rhopalocera and Hesperiidae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1955
  • Eliasson, CU, Ryrholm, N., Holmer, M. Jilg, K. & Gärdenfors, U. 2005. Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora and fauna . Fjärilar: Dagfjärilar. Hesperiidae - Nymphalidae. ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala. ISBN 91-88506-51-7
  • Peter Sonderegger: The Erebia of Switzerland (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae, Genus Erebia) . 712 pp., Biel / Bienne 2005

Web links

Commons : Erebia  - collection of images, videos and audio files