Papilio (genus)

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Papilio
Swallowtail (Papilio machaon)

Swallowtail ( Papilio machaon )

Systematics
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Glossata
Superfamily : Papilionoidea
Family : Knight Butterfly (Papilionidae)
Subfamily : Papilioninae
Genre : Papilio
Scientific name
Papilio
Linnaeus , 1758

Papilio is a genus of butterflies ( butterflies ) from the family of knight butterflies (Papilionidae).

features

Figure g) shows a typical antenna of the genus Papilio
Caterpillar of Papilio Ulysses fleshy horn
Dolls of Papilio dardanus

The adults have long antennae with a slightly curved, club-shaped end that is not compressed. The palpi are very short and do not protrude beyond the eyes. The third, terminal link is very small. The legs are walking legs . The tibia of the hind legs have two thorns. The claw links are not divided. The hind wings are arched and in many species with a tail-like flap. In some species this tail appears only in one sex, in other species it is completely absent. The inner edge of the wings is concave or grooved.

The caterpillars are smooth and bare, often decorated in bright colors. Some species form a fleshy horn. The first two links are slimmer and can be pulled back under the third and fourth links.

The dolls are angular and fixed about in the middle with a silk ribbon.

distribution

The genus Papilio is distributed almost all over the world. However, most species are found in the tropics . There are more species in the new world than in the old world . Between 40 and 50 species are native to Brazil alone , and the main areas of distribution are also on islands in the Indian Ocean , especially Java .

There are only three species native to Europe, these are Papilio alexanor , the Corsican swallowtail ( Papilio hospiton ) and the swallowtail ( Papilio machaon ).

Systematics

The internal system of the genus is still unclear, there are several different proposals to divide the genus into sub-genres and groups. Well-known classifications are those of Munroe from 1961, that of Hancock (1983), that of Igarashi (1984) and that of Hauser et al. From 2002. A molecular genetic study from 2004 comes to still different results.

Types (selection)

Sorted alphabetically within the groups:

Subgenus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758:

Subgenus Princeps Hübner, 1807:

Papilio polytes, common Mormon butterfly

Subgenus?:

Subgenus Achillides Hübner, 1819:

Subgenus Heraclides Hübner, 1819:

Subgenus Pterourus Scopoli, 1777:

Subgenus Sinoprinceps Hancock, 1983:

swell

literature

  • James Duncan: British Butterflies . In: Sir William Jardine (Ed.): The Naturalists Library, Entomology . tape III . Edinburgh 1835, p. 92 ff . (English, online in the Google book search).
  • James Duncan: Foreign Butterflies . In: Sir William Jardine (Ed.): The Naturalists Library, Entomology . tape V . Edinburgh 1837, p. 93 ff . (English, online in the Google book search).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Duncan, 1837.
  2. ^ Duncan, 1835.
  3. ↑ Duncan 1937.
  4. ↑ Papilio. Fauna Europaea, accessed December 8, 2014 .
  5. ^ EG Munroe: The classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera) . In: Canadian Entomology Supplies . tape 17 , 1961, pp. 1-51 (English).
  6. ^ DL Hancock: Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): A phylogenetic approach . In: Smithersia . tape 2 , 1983, p. 1-48 (English).
  7. ^ S. Igarashi: The classification of the Papilionidae mainly based on the morphology of their immature stages . In: Tyo to Ga . tape 34 , 1984, pp. 41-96 (English).
  8. ↑ CL Hauser, R. de Jong, G. Lamas, K. Robbins, C. Smith, RI Vane-Wright: Papilionidae – Revised GloBIS / GART species checklist, 2nd draft . In: Tex. Mem. Mus. tape 29 , 2002, pp. 1–25 (English, online ).
  9. ^ Evgueni V. Zakharov, Michael S. Caterino, Felix AH S Perling: Molecular Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography, and Divergence Time Estimates for Swallowtail Butterflies of the Genus Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) . In: Syst. Biol. Band 53 , no. 2 , 2004, p. 193-215 , doi : 10.1080 / 10635150490423403 (English).
  10. ↑ nic.funet.fi, 2010.

Web links

Commons : Papilio  - collection of images, videos and audio files