Monarchists

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As monarchomachs ( give a wiki. Μόναρχος monarchos , autocrat 'and μάχομαι machomai fight', meaning "Monarch fighter", "King fighter" or "tyrant fighter") described living in France Scottish writer and political pamphleteer William Barclay (1546-1608) , a supporter of the absolute monarchy, around 1600 the opponent of the unrestricted sovereign power of the monarchs among the Calvinist publicists. In their political writings, they opposed the sole rule of the monarchs and princes, called for a restriction of sovereign claims to rule and defended their religious interests in connection with the denominational disputes in France.

The lawyer François Hotman (1524–1590), the theologian Théodore de Bèze (Theodor Beza), fellow campaigner and successor of Jean Calvin ( Johannes Calvin ) in Geneva, and “Stephanus Junius Brutus”, under his pseudonym, are among the most important Calvinist monarchomists Tract Vindiciae contra tyrannos (1579) appeared, which advocated a right of resistance to tyrannical rule even more decisively than other monarchomachean writings. Who is the author of this work remains unclear: the writer and politician Philippe Duplessis-Mornay (1549–1623) or the political journalist and diplomat Hubert Languet (1518–1581) or both together. The circle of the predominantly, but not exclusively Calvinist monarchomachies was joined by other authors such as the French theologian Jean Boucher or the lawyer and Calvin student Lambertus Danaeus, the Scottish humanist George Buchanan , the Spanish Jesuit Juan de Mariana or Guilelmus, who wrote under the pseudonym Rossaeus, a combative Catholic, counted.

The German Calvinist state theorist Johannes Althusius is also mentioned in connection with the monarchomaches and is referred to several times in the literature as the most systematic monarchomache. Its direct assignment to the monarchomachies is, however, controversial and is presented as misleading in recent Althusius research. Althusius took some things from the writings of the monarchists, including thoughts on the right to resist, but in his systematic theory of the state, as formulated in the Politica Methodice Digesta , " both in terms of its claim and its concept , it goes far beyond this" (D. Wyduckel, 2002 ). It is seen as problematic to include very different authors in the circle of monarchists, insofar as they were not oriented towards the sovereignty of the time.

The Monarchomachen opposed an unrestricted sovereignty of the ruler, as it is formulated in particular in the theory of absolute monarchical sovereignty by Jean Bodin , and took the view that the rulership of the monarch by the rights of the estates , which they understood as the representation of the people , is to be restricted. A contractual regulation that provided for the election and dismissal of the monarch by the representatives of the estates served them as a state-theoretical argumentation basis. One of the central theses of the monarchomachies was that a tyrannical ruler who abused his power must be deposed and that tyrannicide as the last means of resistance , which was also to be understood as an answer to Bartholomew's Night (1572) against the Huguenots, is justified ( right of resistance ) .

literature

  • Udo Bermbach : Right of Resistance, Sovereignty, Church and State - France and Spain in the 16th Century. In: Iring Fetscher , Herfried Münkler (Hrsg.): Piper's manual of political ideas. Vol. 3: Modern Times. From the denominational wars to the Enlightenment , Munich 1985, pp. 101–162.
  • Stefan Bildheim: Calvinist state theories . Historical case studies on the presence of monarchomachean thought structures in Central Europe in the early modern period. Lang, Bern / Frankfurt 2001, ISBN 978-3-631-37533-4 , also dissertation, University of Munich ( review ).
  • Jürgen Dennert : The origin and concept of sovereignty. Stuttgart 1964.
  • Jürgen Dennert: Beza, Brutus, Hotman. Calvinist monarchists. Translated by Hans Klingelhöfer, ed. and introduced by Jürgen Dennert, Cologne / Opladen 1968.
  • Horst Dreitzel: The Monarchy Makers. In: Helmut Holzhey , Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann (Hrsg.): Outline of the history of philosophy. Vol. 4.1: The Philosophy of the 17th Century. Basel 2001, pp. 613–638.
  • Robert von Friedeburg : Resistance and denominational conflict. Berlin 1999.
  • Robert von Friedeburg (ed.): Right of resistance in the early modern times. Results and prospects of research in a German-British comparison. (= Journal for Historical Research. Supplement 26). Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-10629-6 . In it u. a. ders .: Right of Resistance in Modern Europe. Research subject and research perspectives, pp. 11–59.
  • Robert von Friedeburg: Building Blocks of Arguments of Resistance Law in the Early Modern Era (1523–1668). In: Christoph Strohm, Heinrich de Wall: Denomination and jurisprudence in the early modern times. Berlin 2009, pp. 115–166.
  • Jürgen Hartmann , Bernd Meyer, Birgit Oldopp: Reformers and monarchists. In this. (Ed.): History of political ideas. Wiesbaden 2002, p. 47 ff. (Overview).
  • Arthur Kaufmann (Ed.): Right of Resistance. Darmstadt 1972.
  • Paul-Alexis Mellet: "Le roy des mouches à miel ...". Tyranny présente et royeauté parfaite dans les traités protestants (1560–1580). In: Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 93 (2002), ISSN  0003-9381 , pp. 72-96.
  • Paul-Alexis Mellet: Les Traités monarchomaques. Dissertation. Genève, 2007, 568 pp., ISBN 978-2-600-01139-6 . Review http://www.sehepunkte.de/2009/11/14421.html
  • Henning Ottmann : Monarchists. In: History of Political Thought, The Modern Age. From Machiavelli to the great revolutions. Stuttgart 2006, p. 90 ff.
  • Richard Saage : rule, tolerance, resistance. Studies on the political theory of the Dutch and English revolutions. Frankfurt 1981. Therein the other u. a. on the problem of resistance: From the 'Joyeuse Entrée' on the right of resistance of the Calvinist monarchomachs , p. 23 ff.
  • Richard Saage: Democracy Theories . Historical process - theoretical development - socio-technical conditions. An introduction. Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-531-14722-6 , p. 77 ff. (Representation from a democratic theoretical perspective).
  • Richard Saage: Right of Resistance and Principle of Tolerance in the uprising in the Netherlands. In: Axel Rüdiger (Ed.): Elements of a political history of ideas of democracy. Berlin 2007, pp. 39-68.
  • Luise Schorn-Schütte : Criticism of authority and right of resistance. The 'politica christiana' as the basis of legitimacy. In this. (Ed.): Aspects of political communication in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. (= Historical magazine. Supplement 39). Oldenbourg, Munich 2004, pp. 195–232.
  • Günter Stricker: The political thinking of the monarchists. A contribution to the history of political ideas in the 16th century. Dissertation, Heidelberg University, 1967.
  • Christoph Strohm: The relationship between theological, political-philosophical and legal arguments in Calvinist treatises on the right of resistance . In: Angela De Benedictis, Karl-Heinz Lingens (ed.): Knowledge, conscience and science in the right of resistance (16th-18th centuries) . Klostermann, Frankfurt, 2003, pp. 141–174
  • Kurt Wolzendorff : Constitutional law and natural law in the doctrine of the people's right to resist against illegal exercise of state authority. Breslau 1916, 2nd reprint, Aalen 1968. Therein: Constitutional law and natural law in the teaching of the monarchists.
  • Dieter Wyduckel: Althusius and the Monarchomachen. In: E. Bonfatti, G. Duso, M. Scattola (eds.): Political terms and historical environment in the Politica methodice digesta of Johannes Althusius. Wiesbaden 2002, pp. 133-164.