Franciscus Hotomanus

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François Hotman, engraving by Johann Theodor de Bry .

François Hotman, Seigneur de Villiers-Saint-Pol (also Latinized Franciscus Hotomanus, occasionally written Hottomannus or Hotomannus) (born August 23, 1524 in Paris ; † February 12, 1590 in Basel ) was a Protestant and humanist French legal scholar, Calvinist monarchomachy , Theologian and philologist of the 16th century. He has written numerous critical works on politics , religion and law . Some of his writings were even banned because of sharp statements against the king. He was also one of the main actors in the exchange of blows between European Catholics and Protestants .

biography

John Calvin in later years

François Hotman was a French legal scholar and political writer. He was born in Paris on August 23, 1524, the son of a respected Catholic lawyer . His father Peter Hotomanus (Pierre Hotman) , Seigneur de Villiers-Saint-Pol († 1554), was a member of the " Parlement de Paris " (Parisian Parliament). Peter Hotomanus was the son of the originally Silesian Uthmann family (historically also Ottomann , Autmann ) from Breslau , who immigrated to Paris via Emmerich on the Lower Rhine.

At the age of 14, Hotman went to the university in Orléans to study law. After three years he received a "License des droits" and, at the age of eighteen, published a paper on the use of torture ("Tabulae de criminibus", 1543). After completing his studies, he began his work in 1542 in the law firm of the famous Parisian lawyer Charles du Moulin at the “Parlement de Paris”.

As a lawyer at the Court of Parliament, Hotman increasingly neglected the practice in favor of studying ancient literature and Roman law. In 1546 he began in Paris with legal lectures at the Paris University at the side of François Bauduin, on his advice and after his example (cf. Hs dedication [to Calvin] in "De actionibus", 1548; [Bauduin], "Responsio" , 1564, 86) Hotman gave up career and family in 1547 and first went to the university in Lyon , where he publicly converted to Protestantism , and then went to Johannes Calvin in Geneva, where he married the Huguenot Claudine Aubelin , who had fled France .

After stays in Lausanne and Lyon, H. worked as Calvin's secretary and translator in Geneva ("Admonitio adversus astrologiam") and, from 1550, as professor of classical languages ​​at the Protestant college in Lausanne . However, since this position did not satisfy him, he moved to Strasbourg , where he received the professorship for Roman law at the academy in 1556. H. obtained his doctorate in 1558 during a short stay in Basel. In Basel between 1557 and 1564 he published several legal handbooks as well as source-critical commentaries on Justinian's institutions and pundits.

In 1556 the Duke of Prussia , Albert von Brandenburg , offered him a chair in Königsberg . In the same year he accompanied Calvin to the synod in Frankfurt . In 1559 he was called to Marburg by Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , by the Saxon princes to Leipzig and Wittenberg and by Queen Elisabeth I to Oxford , but Hotman did not want to leave Strasbourg and stayed near Calvin.

Since Hotman knew almost all German princes personally and had already made several important missions to Germany on behalf of Strasbourg, he supported the King of Navarre in negotiations with the Protestant princes in Germany.

From 1563 to 1567 he taught as a professor of law at the University of Valence . There his house and his library were set on fire by the Catholic mob a few months later, which is why he fled via Orléans to Paris , where he was given the post of historian of the king. He was sent to Blois as a representative of the Huguenots and negotiated the peace of 1568 there. When he returned to Bourges , the hostility and acts of violence repeated and forced him to Sancerre . During a siege of this city he wrote his work "Consolatio e sacris litteris", which was only edited in 1593. After the peace of 1570 he returned to Bourges again, from where he had to flee a third time after St. Bartholomew's Night in 1572. Between 1567 and 1572 he took over the professorship for law in Bourges .

In addition to his academic work, Hotman was the adviser to the future King Henry IV , crown lawyer of the Huguenots and political actor. In 1560, Hotman encouraged the Huguenots to join the Amboise conspiracy , which sparked a sectarian civil war . In 1573 he had a strong influence on the political thinking of the time with his book "Franco-Gallia". In it he wrote his thoughts on the revolution as a response to the organized murders by the Catholic League on Bartholomew's Night in which Hotman himself only narrowly escaped his murder by fling again to Geneva , where he was a professor at the Geneva School of Law until 1578. In the same year he moved to Basel and from 1579 gave private law lectures in his apartment. In 1584 Hotman was accepted into the law faculty in Basel. When his wife died, Hotman returned to Geneva in 1584 and devoted himself to alchemy and the study of the Philosopher's Stone . A few years later, Hotman returned to Basel sick. He died there only a short time later on February 12, 1590, after giving a private course on state administration in the Roman Republic that winter . He was buried in the cathedral in Basel and left two sons and four daughters.

Hotman - a Calvinist monarchomach

François Hotman was one of the most important Calvinist monarchists of the 16th century. Together with Philippe Du Plessis-Mornay and other monarchists, he demanded a king elected by the people, the sovereignty of the state, the legitimation of uprisings and even the legitimation of regicide. Based on historical research, he claimed that France was a constitutional monarchy that had its roots in Germanic tribes whose rulers were elected and accountable to the people. According to his ideas, the best form of government would be the cooperation of king, nobility and people. He rejected the monarchy . This is particularly evident in his pamphlets in which he attacks the king and the Guise . So he turned against Jean Bodin , who refused to mix the French monarchy with the aristocracy and democracy .

Hotman and studying law

In 1500, a new legal study was created that was supposed to combine law and the humanities. The first authors to take on this were Guillaume Budé , André Alciat , Udaric Zaze and François Hotman. Hotman played a particularly large role in this. Almost all sixteenth-century professors wrote a discourse on how best to follow law studies. So does Hotman. He himself wrote his works in French, using simple and easily understandable language, because he wanted to reach the students above all.

In his work "Antitribonian" (1603) he criticized Roman law, which was taught in France solely with canon law , to the exclusion of French law. Hotman considered a reform of the civil legal system necessary, first to reduce the number of processes and, above all, to simplify and shorten the law studies. According to his ideas, the students should study literature , humanities and moral philosophy up to the age of 20 or 22 years. Then, within a year or two, they should learn the law and ultimately complete their studies by doing practical work.

However, the reform was likely more a wish than a reality. But thanks to the work of Hotman, Cujas , Dumoulin and Doneau , Roman law began to develop into a true science.

The Franco-Gallia

General

Historical map of Gaul under Roman rule

The Franco-Gallia is Hotman's most important and best-known work and is one of the most important defensive writings of French Calvinism. The original version, which appeared in 1573, was in Latin. A year later, a version in French appeared that contained only a few changes compared to the original version. Another version of Franco-Gallia, again in Latin, which contained such extensive changes that the chapters had to be rearranged, numbered and partially crossed out, appeared in 1586. In 1665 the most complete edition of the work was printed in Frankfurt contained the original parts of the work as well as the later extensions.

The word "Frankogallien" stands for the mixture of Franks and Gauls as true ancestors of the French . This gives a first indication of the content of Franco-Gallia. In his work, Hotman recalls the great national tradition relating to the government of the country. In terms of content, Hotman's Franco-Gallia provides an overview of the monarchy in France . Actually, however, he shows on the basis of history that in earlier times the king was elected by the people and this king was also accountable to the people. Hotman dedicated the work to the German princes , from whom he hoped for help and protection for the French Protestants .

Content and main messages

After the preface written to the German princes, Hotman begins to explain the history of the monarchy . He begins by describing the state of Gaul before the Romans made it their province . The country of Gaul was not ruled by a single person at that time. It consisted of several independent communities in which an "electoral king" ruled. Already at the beginning of the work one can see with which forcefulness Hotman dealt with the earlier form of government in Gaul.

Another important point, which is already addressed in the first chapter of Franco-Gallia, is the legitimacy of tyrannicide . There it says:

"That is why Celtillus [...] was executed by his tribesmen just because he was seeking the royal crown (Caesar VII 1, correct VII 4)." (Klassiker der Politik 8, p. 212)

What was important in the selection of the previous rulers was the fact that the crown was not hereditary, but was passed on by the people to men who had a good reputation due to their great justice. The previous kings did not have unlimited power. Their influence was so limited by some laws that not only the people were dependent on the king, but the king was also in the power and dependence of the people. This created an equilibrium that could not be broken so quickly and thus averted the danger of tyranny arising.

Kings were usually chosen by elections, although often these were determined by family ties. Often the son or a man from close relatives of the king was chosen as the successor, as one saw in him the good qualities of the previous king.

With Hotman's constant reference to the choice of kings as the only acceptable way of choosing a ruler, it becomes clear how much Hotman condemned royal inheritance rights during his lifetime.

The three characteristics of tyranny mentioned by him in Franco-Gallia are:

1. The king rules against the will of the people. 2. The king is protected by a foreign bodyguard. 3. All the king's orders for the country are no longer made for the benefit of the people, but out of the ruler's will.

However, according to Francois Hotman, there has never been such a tyranny in Franco-Gaul. The possibility that a ruler could have gained an excessive amount of power did not seem possible to him due to the good mix of the three forms of government monarchy , aristocracy and democracy .

Hotman described in his work "Franco-Gallia" the history of the monarchy of over 1200 years. He informs the reader about the three royal families ( Merovingians , Carolingians and Capetians ) on the throne and explained the forms of government and their changes among the respective sexes. His work recalls the earlier traditions and draws attention to how infrequent problems arose when the king was elected. The work clearly points to the disappointment of the Calvinists after the murders of thousands of Huguenots by the Catholic Church on Bartholomew's Night in 1572.

The chapter "Are women excluded from the reign under French law as well as by inheritance?", In which Hotman pointed out numerous examples of bad rulers, points to the disappointment with the regent Caterina de 'Medici , who was also the author of the Bartholomew Night was the order of the day. Hotman's Franco-Gallia is a forerunner of the idea of popular sovereignty .

Le Tigre

Cardinal Charles Lorraine de Guise
Francis II of France

"Le tigre" is a pamphlet that was written by Hotman in 1560 and is one of his most famous writings. It is a fictional letter to the "Tiger of France". With this, Hotman is alluding to the Guisen and especially Cardinal Charles de Lorraine . He criticizes the politics of the time and the great influence of the Guisen, who were then the political guardian of Francois II .

Hotman accuses them of being above the king and the decision-makers in politics . For example, Hotman characterizes them as follows:

• «ennemi de vertu» (enemy of virtue) (verse 11) • «bourreau de notre peuple» (executioner of our people) (verse 12) • «avec ton coeur de fell» (with your heart of gall) (verse 39) • "inhumain et cruel" (inhuman and cruel) (verse 40) • "monstre de fausseté" (monster / monster of falsehood) (verse 63) • "méchant cafard" (malicious hypocrite) (verse 67) • "tes rues méchantes (Vicious cunning) (v. 90) • “monstre infect et vilain” (hideous monster and bad child) (v. 225) • “barbarians et bourreaux” (barbarians and executioners) (v. 232) • “les larrons guisards” (the "Guiser" thieves) (verse 271) • "misérable meurtrier" (hideous murderer) (verse 314)

Furthermore, the Guise family is accused by Hotman of having been responsible for the war between France and Germany and of wanting to provoke a war between France and England . In addition, Hotman describes the Guise family as people who only claim God for insignificant things and who have killed numerous people through their cruelty. The Hotmans pamphlet finally ends with the request that the “tiger” should return to his “cave” once and for all and let go of France. Otherwise he would be lost for good.

But why did Hotman use the image of the tiger in particular? The tiger is an animal that loves danger, attacks people, is often depicted as a violent animal and is a symbol of power and strength. Hotman seems to see precisely these character traits in the Guise family. In the high position and power of this family he sees a danger for all of France. With this font, Hotman wanted to open the eyes of the French people and call them to take action before it is too late.

Primary works

1540-1550

  • 1547: De Gradibus cognationis et affinitatis libri duo, Francisci Hotomani, in quibus de cognatorum et affinium nuptiis copiose disseritur
  • 1548: In tractatum de actionibus ex libro Institutionum juris quarto

1550-1560

  • 1553: Vilierii de Statu primitivae ecclesiae ejusque sacerdotiis ...
  • 1554: Commentariorum in Orationes MT Ciceronis volumen primum
  • 1555: Africanus, sive Interpretatio l. “Frater a fratre”, D. “de condict. indeb. "
  • 1556: Iustiniani Imperatoris vita
  • 1556: Justiniani imperatoris vita; Observationum in Pandect. capita XX; in L. "Frater a fratre" commentarius, de Gradibus cognat. et affinitatis incestisque nuptiis lib. duo
  • 1557: De Legibus populi romani liber, Francisco Hotomano,… autore
  • 1558: Commentarius verborum juris, antiquitatum ro. elementis amplificatus: de magistratibus, de legibus, de jurisconsultis, de senatu et SC, de formulis, de comitiis.
  • 1558: Jurisconsulti legum romanorum index ...
  • 1558: Legum romanarum index
  • 1559: Jurisconsultus, sive de Optimo genere juris interpretandi, Franc. Hotomani, ... liber ...

1560-1570

  • 1560: Commentarius in quatuor libros Institutionum juris civilis ...
  • 1560: Épistre envoiée au tigre de la France
  • 1560: Observationum liber primus
  • 1560: Partitiones juris civilis elementariae
  • 1561: Observationum liber secundus
  • 1563: Novus commentarius de verbis juris Franc. Hotomani,… antiquitatum ro. elementis amplificatus, de legibus, de magistratibus populi r., de senatu et SC, de jurisconsultis eorumque formulis, quibus ...
  • 1564: De Legibus XII. tabularum tripartita Franc. Hotomani,… commentatio
  • 1564: In sex leges obscurissimas commentarius: ex scholiis Valentinis
  • 1569: Variarum disputationum volumen primum: de quarta falcidiana, de quarta legitimaria, de quarta pegasiana, de spuriis, de donationibus, de dotibus, de pactis, de eo quod interest, de mora, de usuris, de gradibus cognationis

1570-1580

  • 1573: De Feudis commentatio tripertita, hoc est: disputatio de jure feudali; commentarius in usus feudorum; dictionarium verborum feudalium
  • 1573: De Furoribus gallicis, horrenda et indigna amirallii Castillionei, nobilium atque illustrium virorum caede, scelerata ac inaudita piorum strage passim edita per conplures Galliae civitates, sine ullo discrimine generis, sexus, aetatis & conditionis hominum 1575: Commentarius in titatis & conditionis hominum 1575. Cod. De usufructu
  • 1573: Dialecticae institutionis libri IIII
  • 1573: Francogallia
  • 1573: Narratio de furoribus Gallicis: Even furtive and unheard of the godly people lay down, now and again through many places in France, regardless of what happened, age, gender or condition
  • 1573: Quaestionum illustrium liber
  • 1574: La Gaule francoise
  • 1575: Gasparis Colinii Castellonii, magni quondam Franciae amirallii, vita [auctore F. Hotman], nunc demum… in gratiam et usum christianorum principum, politicorum, aulicorum, militum recusa ad exemplar anni
  • 1575: Matagonis de Matagonibus,… [F. Hotomani],… Monitoriale adversus Italogalliam sive Antifranco-galliam Antonii Matharelli, Alvernogeni
  • 1575: Franc. Hotomani Ivrisc. in comment. Caesaris Notae ; + Franc. Hotomani Ivrusc. in Libros de Bello Civili Notae + Eivsdem Hotomani De Alliqvot rei bellicae instrumentis obseruatio. [78 pages together] - In: Strada, Jacopo (Ed.): C. Ivlii Caesaris Rervm Gestarvm Commentarii XIV.… Frankfurt / M .: Strada, 1575.
  • 1575: Monitoriale adversus Italogalliam sive Antifranco-galliam Antonii Matharelli
  • 1575: Observationum liber IIII
  • 1576: Commentationes in ius civile: libri XVIII & XIX: cum parte XXI
  • 1576: Jurisconsulti, Francogallia
  • 1576: Quaestiones illustres
  • 1577: Commentationes in ius civile: De rebus creditis et variis contractibus, quorum catalogus post praefationem recensetur; libri sex
  • 1578: Consiliorum volume primum ...
  • 1578: Protestatio nullitatis adversus condemnationem orthodoxarum ecclesiarum, nuper institutam a quibusdam Doctoribus ubiquitariis
  • 1578: Strigilis Papirii Massoni, sive Remediale charitativum contra rabiosam frenesim Papirii Massoni, jesuitae excuculati, per Matagonidem de Matagonibus [F. Hotomanum], ...

1580-1590

  • 1584: Disputatio de Aureo Justinianico ...
  • 1585: Brutum fulmen papae Sixti V adversus Henricum,… regem Navarrae et… Henricum Borbonium, principem Condaeum. Una cum protestatione et declaratione multiplicis nullitatis
  • 1585: De Renumaria populi romani liber ejusdem Disputatio de aureo Justinianico. His accesserunt Volusius Maetianus, ... Rhemnius Fannius, Priscianus Caesariensis de Asse, ponderibus et mensuris ...
  • 1585: Disputatio de controversia successionis regiae inter patruum et fratris praemortui filium. Joannis de Terra Rubea,… Tractatus de jure legitimi successoris in hereditate regni Galliae
  • 1585: Observationes, quae ad veterum nuptiarum ritum pertinent: liber singularis
  • 1586: Consilia, tum in civilibus, tum in criminalibus causis exposita… Accessit ejusdem auctoris Disputatio illustris de controversia patrui et nepotis in regni successione; item Joh. de Terra Rubea, ... Tractatus de jure futuri successoris legitimi in regiis hereditatibus ...
  • 1587: Protestation et défense pour le roy de Navarre Henry IV, premier prince du sang, et Henry, prince de Condé, contre l'injuste et tyrannique bulle de Sixte V, publiée à Romme au mois de septembre 1585, au mespris de la maison de France [traduicte du latin intitulé: "Brutum fulmen Sixti V". Auctore F. Hotman]
  • 1588: De Jure successionis regiae in regno Francorum leges aliquot ex probatis auctorib., Collectae studio et opera Francisci Hotomani,… Obiter de jure regis Navarrae
  • 1588: Vetus-renovatus commentarius in quatuor libros Institutionum juris civilis. 5a editio from auctore recognita et locupletata ...

1590-1600

  • 1592: De veteribus nuptiarum ritibus ac solennitatibus observationes 1635: De Sacramento coenae christianae modesta disputatio vc Franc. Hotmani,… anno 1565 primum edita [et nunc cura J. Hotmanni recusa]
  • 1593: Ad IIII titulos de donationibus octavi libri Codicis scholae… opus postumum et novum [cura J. Hotmanni]
  • 1593: Consolatio e sacris litteris petita, liber postumus nunc primum editus [cura J. Hotmanni Villerii]
  • 1593: Memoria aeterna
  • 1593: Scholae in duo tit. XXVIII libri Digestorum de testamentis… [In lucem edidit J. Hotmannus.]
  • 1594: De Castis incestisve nuptiis disputatio, in qua de sponsalibus et matrimonio ex jure civili, pontificio et orientali disseritur, itemque de gradibus et nominibus cognatorum et adfinium, opus postumum [cura J. Hotmanni], cui adjectus est ejusdem Hotmanni libellus de spuriis de spuriis de spuriis de spuriis legitimation
  • 1595: Quaestiones illustres: Eiusdem Dispvtatio contra c. Raynutius, De testament; Eiusdem vetus renouata Explanatio in l. Frater a Fratre
  • 1599: Observationes et emendationes in ius civile: Quorum postumi duo; Adiecti sunt indices duo rerum & verborum memorabilium ...
  • 1599–1600: Operum tomus primus [-tertius], quorum quaedam nova, pleraque renovata et aucta [cura J. Lectii] ...

1600-1700

  • 1601: Responsiones amicabilies: libri duo
  • 1603: Antitribonian, ou Discours d'un grand et renowned jurisconsulte de nostre temps sur l'étude des loix: fait… en l'an 1567… / [François Hotman]; present by H. Duranton
  • 1603: P. Sixti V Fulmen brutum in Henricum… Regem navarrae et… Henricum Borbonium, principem olim Condaeum, evibratum…
  • 1606: Justi Lipsii epitaphium, symbolum et alia quaedam
  • 1616: Opuscules Françoises
  • 1634: Histoire celtique, où sous les noms d'Amindorix et de Célanire sont comprises les principales actions de nos roys et les diverses fortunes de la Gaule et de la France
  • 1641: De Veteri ritu nuptiarum et jure connubiorum. Barnabas Brissonius, Antonius [et] Franciscus Hotmanus
  • 1641: Origo et historia Belgicorum Tvmvltvvm [tumultuum]: Continens Praeter Hispanorvm Regvm Sanguinaria Diplomata & S. Inqvisitionis Arcana Consilia
  • 1643: La Vie de Messire Gaspar de Coligny, admiral de France [par F. Hotman] augmentée de quelques annotations et de plusieurs pièces du temps servant à l'histoire [suivi de "Annotations sur la vie de messire Gaspar de Coligny" trad. you latin de Jean Hotman]
  • 1647: Antitribonianus sive dissertatio de studio legum
  • 1665: Mémoires de Messire Gaspar de Coligny, Seigneur de Chastillon, Admiral de France

1700-1783

  • 1700: Francisci Et Joannis Hotomanorum Patris Ac Filii, Et Clarorum Virorum Ad Eos Epistolae
  • 1716: Prima Iuris civilis et antiquitatum ad illud pertinentium elementa
  • 1716: Succincta Commentatio De Pactis
  • 1783: La vie de Gaspard de Coligni, Seigneur de Châtillon, Amiral de France: à laquelle sont ajoutés ses mémoires sur ce qui se passa au siège de Saint Quentin

Undated

  • Ad tractatum Matthaei Zampini JC Recanatensis, De successione praerogativae primi principis Franciae, ornatiss. viri PCAF civis Parisiensis, & regii consiliarii, responsio
  • Appendix sive Historia tragica de furoribus Gallicis & caede admirallii narratio
  • Commentarii in orationes MT Ciceronis
  • Histoire des massacres et horribles cruautez commises en la personne de messire Gaspar de Colligny grand amiral de France [texts imprimé], & autres seigneurs gentils-hommes, personnages honnorables de diverses qualitez, hommes femmes & enfans, tant en la ville de Paris qu ' en plusieurs lieux & endroits du royaume, le 24 jour d'aoust 1572 & autres suivans. Traduite en francois, & augmentee de quelque [sic] particularitez omises en l'exemplaire latin. Plus, les lettres, déclarations & edicts du Roy touchant lesdits massacres.
  • Opera
  • Variae disputationes

Secondary works

  • Etienne Blocaille: Etude sur François Hotman. La Franco-Gallia. Jobard, Dijon 1902.
  • Isabelle Bouvignies: La "Franco-Gallia" de Hotman (1524-1590) et l'historiographie française. In: Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français. CLII (1506), pp. 199-219.
  • Rodolphe Dareste de la Chavanne: Essai sur François Hotman. A. Durand, Paris 1850.
  • Rodolphe Dareste de la Chavanne: François Hotman. Sa vie et sa correspondance. Governor, Nogent-le-Rotrou 1876.
  • Jürgen Dennert, Philippe de Mornay, Théodore de Bèze: Beza, Brutus, Hotman. Calvinist monarchists. West German Publishing House, Cologne 1968.
  • Julian H. Franklin: Constitutionalism and resistance in the sixteenth century. Three treatises. Pegasus, New York 1969.
  • Karl Heisig: Hotman as a critic of the trade in offices. In: Archives for the Study of Modern Languages ​​and Literatures. CCXI (1574), pp. 392-393.
  • Donald R. Kelley: François Hotman. A revolutionary's ordeal. Princeton university press, Princeton 1973.
  • Nannerl O. Keohane: Philosophy and the state in France. The renaissance to the enlightenment. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ 1980, ISBN 0-691-07611-1 .
  • Henry Lureau: Faculté de droit de l'Université de Bordeaux. Les Doctrines démocratiques chez les écrivains protestants français de la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle (Junius Brutus, François Hotman). Thèse pour le doctorat. Y. Cadoret, Bordeaux 1900.
  • Walter Mönch: France's literature in the XVI. Century. A national political intellectual history of the French Renaissance. de Gruyter, Berlin 1938, DNB 575156678 .
  • Paul Moussiegt: Theories politiques des réformés au XVIe siècle. Hotman et Du Plessis. Slatkine, Genève 1970.
  • Maxime Rosso: La renaissance des institutions de Sparte dans la pensée française, XVIème - XVIIIème siècle. Presses Univ. D'Aix-Marseille, Aix-en-Provence 2005.
  • François Secret: Un document oublié sur Hotman et l'alchimie. In: Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance. XLII (1580), pp. 435-446.
  • Domenico Taranto: La miktè politéia tra antico e moderno dal "quartum genus" alla monarchia limitata. Angeli, Milano 2006.
  • Saffo Testoni Binetti: Il pensiero politico ugonotto. Dallo studio della storia all'idea di contratto 1572-1579. Centro Ed. Toscano, Firenze 2002.
  • Hans Troje: Humanistic Jurisprudence Studies on European jurisprudence under the influence of humanism. Keip, Goldbach 1993, ISBN 3-8051-0205-4 .
  • Ariste Viguié: Les Théories politiques libérales au XVIe siècle. Etudes on the "Franco-Gallia" de François Hotman. G. Fischenbacher, Paris 1879.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ François Alexandre Aubert de la Chenaye Desbois: Dictionnaire de la noblesse [...] de France , Paris 1774, p. 120 f.
  2. ↑ Joachim Bahlcke and Irene Dingel (eds.): Die Reformierte in Schlesien , Göttingen 2016, p. 39 ff., P. 47.
  3. ^ National Central Library of Rome: CC. Iulii Caesaris Rerum gestarum commentarii 14. Nempe C. Iulii Caes. De bello Gallico comm. 7. A. Hirtii de eodem, over 1. C. Iul. Caes. De bel. ciu. Pompeiano comm. 3. A. Hirtii De bel. Alexandrino, liber 1. De bello Africano, liber 1. De bello Hispanico, liber 1. ... Eutropii Epitome belli Gallici ex Suetonii Tranquilli ... Jacopo Strada, 1575 ( archive.org [accessed August 2, 2019]).
personal data
SURNAME Hotomanus, Franciscus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hotman, François; Hotmann, Franz; Hotman, Franz; Hotemann, Franz; Hoteman, Franz; Hotomanus, François
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French lawyer
DATE OF BIRTH August 23, 1524
PLACE OF BIRTH Paris
DATE OF DEATH February 12, 1590
Place of death Basel