Mounio

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Mounio (also: Munio , Muniyo ) is a landscape in Niger and a former province of the Bornu Empire .

geography

Mounio is located in the southeast of Niger on the border with Nigeria . Territorially, it corresponds roughly to the department of Gouré . The landscape of the area is characterized by a series of granite massifs that are so covered by sand that only their tips protrude in the form of individual boulders. In the east, Mounio merges into the Manga landscape .

history

Munio and surroundings. Map section from Stieler's Hand Atlas (1891)

The area of ​​Mounio came to Bornu at the end of the 16th century when his sultan Idrīs Alaoma expanded his empire to the west. When, at the beginning of the 17th century, the village of Birni N'Gafata, which no longer exists there, was attacked by Tuareg from the Koutous massif in the north, the village chief Dagalama turned to the Sultan of Bornu for help. Saémi, a ruler from Mandara who was in exile at the court of Bornu, was sent with him . Saémi repulsed the Tuareg and took possession of the village of Birni N'Gafata, while Dagalama had to be content with the rule of an area west of the village. Saémi fortified Birni N'Gafata and established Mounio as a politically unified territory. Around the year 1700 Mounio was bounded in the north by the Koutous massif, in the east by the areas on the shores of Lake Chad , in the south by the Sultanate of Machina and in the west by Guidimouni .

Saémi's son Kagou Larémi ruled for six years and his son Douna Fannami for eight years. This was followed by the 44 year rule of Kiari, Douna Fannami's son. Under Kiari's brothers and sons, Mounio was split up into various small domains. One of them was in the village of Bouné of Hadji Goarimi, called Makama. His son Ibrahim began to restore the unity of the province by gradually annexing the areas ruled by his family members. Bouné became the new capital of Mounios. Ibrahim died in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the Sultanate of Machina. In the first third of the 19th century, Ibrahim's son Kosso continued his father's policy of submission. Kosso wanted to be formally installed as ruler of Mounio by the Sultan of Bornu and sent his uncle Galajé to the Sultan's court in this regard. However, Galajé managed to be appointed ruler of Mounio by the Sultan himself and drove Kosso into exile in Hadejia with an army from Bornu . Galajé ruled Bouné for four years. Kosso meanwhile supported the ruler of Nguru in an uprising against Bornu, but was pardoned by the sultan. By paying high tributes and skillful diplomacy, he managed to get the Sultan of Bornu Galajé to abdicate in favor of Kossos. An army raised by Bornu drove Galajé into exile in Zinder , where he died a little later.

Kosso brought the Koutous massif with the town of Kellé under his control and made Gouré the new capital of Mounios. He fortified the city, which soon had around 9,000 inhabitants, and founded a market that was particularly important for the slave trade . Mounio became involved in long-running conflicts with the up-and-coming sultanate of Zinder, which formed the westernmost outpost of Bornus. Sultan Ibrahim dan Sélimane and Sultan Ténimoun dan Sélimane von Zinder both tried to conquer Mounio - much to the displeasure of Bornus. In 1853 the German Africa explorer Heinrich Barth visited Kosso at his court in Gouré. Kosso died in 1854 and was succeeded by his eldest son Mahmadou. Sultan Ténimoun dan Sélimane von Zinder succeeded in inflicting a heavy defeat on Mounio in 1863. He had the capital Gouré destroyed and Mahmadou brought to Zinder as a prisoner. Mahmadou was only able to return to Mounio on Bornu's orders. His brother Moussa competed for the favor of the Sultan of Bornu. In 1865 he first installed Moussa, who had Gouré rebuilt, as ruler of Mounios, then in 1868 again Mahmadou. The war against Zinder flared up again in 1870 and Ténimoun dan Sélimane was able to capture Mahmadou and have him executed. The Sultan of Bornu then determined Moussa again to ruler of Mounio. The continued attacks by Zinder quickly wore him down and he wished to abdicate. An attempt to mediate Bornus failed because of Zinder. In 1872, the Sultan of Bornu appointed Moussa's brother Hadji ruler of Mounio. Hadji gave up and left the country in 1874. Ténimoun dan Sélimane occupied Mounio and made it the province of Zinders. Bornu could no longer counter this.

The Sultanate of Zinder was conquered by France in 1899. The French took Moussa out of exile in 1903 and gave him the post of local chief ( chef traditionnel ) of Gouré.

literature

  • Abdoul Wahabou Zakari: Caractérisation et analyze du fonctionnement du système d'élevage dans le Damagaram-Mounio . Mémoire. Faculté d'Agronomie, Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niamey 2017.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Mahamadou Danda : Politique de décentralisation, développement régional et identités locales au Niger: le cas du Damagaram . Dissertation, University of Montesquieu Bordeaux IV 2004 ( online version ; PDF; 4.3 MB), p. 333.
  2. ↑ Mahamadou Danda: Politique de décentralisation, développement régional et identités locales au Niger: le cas du Damagaram . Dissertation, University of Montesquieu Bordeaux IV 2004 ( online version ; PDF; 4.3 MB), p. 248.
  3. ↑ Edmond Séré de Rivières: Histoire du Niger . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965, p. 121.
  4. ↑ Edmond Séré de Rivières: Histoire du Niger . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965, pp. 122–123.
  5. ↑ Edmond Séré de Rivières: Histoire du Niger . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965, pp. 124-125.

Coordinates: 13 ° 55 ′ 0 ″  N , 10 ° 10 ′ 0 ″  E