Muhammad Fādil ibn Māmīn

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Muhammad Fādil ibn Māmīn ( Arabic محمد فاضل بن مامين, DMG Muḥammad Fāḍil ibn Māmīn ; born February 25, 1795 ; died April 22, 1869 ) was a Sufi of Sharīfic descent who founded a Tarīqa in the Hodh region in what is now Mauritania , which was named after him Fādilīya . Through his numerous sons it spread in the course of the 19th century from the regions of Adrar and Tagant over all of Mauritania, to the north of Senegal , to the area of ​​the Western Sahara and to Morocco . Muhammad Fādil wrote various religious writings, but these are only available in handwritten form. He is venerated as a saint by the followers of the Tarīqa and is the subject of a hagiographic work.

ancestry

Muhammad Fādil belonged to the Sharīf family of the Ahl Tālib al-Muchtār, who traveled as nomads through the Hodh region. The family traced back to the Prophet Mohammed via Idrīs ibn ʿAbdallāh . Muhammad Fādil's great-grandfather Tālib Diyāh al-Muchtār came to Tagant from Morocco at the end of the 17th century. According to family tradition, he was related to the legal scholar Muhammad al-Aqzaf (Laghdaf), who taught him certain Sufi concepts. Muhammad Fādil himself praised Laghdaf as the “pole of time” ( quṭb az-zamān ) in his poems .

Muhammad Fādil's family cultivated various Sufi religious traditions. His father Muhammad al-Amīn (the name was contracted to Māmīn) spread both the prayer formulas ( aurād ) of the Nāsirīya branch of the Shādhilīya and those of the Tijānīya and the Qādirīya.

Life

Religious education

Muhammad Fādil was born on the 27th of Shābān 1211 (= 25th February 1795). At the age of five he was taken to a scholar named Muhammad al-Muchtār ibn Lahbūs to learn the Koran by heart. In the same school he also got to know the biography of the prophet and the stories about friends of God . When he was seven years old, his father introduced him to Islamic mysticism. From him he also received the prayer formula ( becomes ) of the Qādirīya .

At the age of 15 he completed his elementary training in mysticism and decided to take a legal education from a certain Ahmad ʿAmm ibn Sheikh ʿĪsā . However, one of his relatives, Muhammad Fāl ibn Zarrūq, advised against it on the grounds that Muhammad Fādil had a great career ahead of him, but that Ahmad ʿAmm wanted to humiliate and subjugate him. Muhammad Fādil submitted and decided to attend classes with his cousin at-Tālib ibn al-Hasan instead. With him he studied the Risāla of Ibn Abī Zaid al-Qairawānī. At the same time he was trained by at-Tālib ibn al-Hasan also in the "Science of Truths" ( ʿilm al-haqāʾiq ), i.e. H. the Sufik , from.

At the end of this period, Muhammad Fādil returned to his father. Afterwards he went with some students to a certain Muhammad ibn at-Tālib Ibrāhīm to study the Muḫtaṣar of Chalīl. Since he soon fell out with this, he moved on to ʿAbdallāh ibn Ibrāhīm asch-Shinqītī (d. 1818), who was considered one of the greatest legal scholars of the Bidhan . But since he found out on the way that Ash-Shinqītī was dying, he went to another teacher, Sīd al-Mustaf ibn ʿUthmān al-Kaihal from the Idawbadsch tribe.

Establishing one's own brotherhood

After completing his spiritual training, Muhammad Fādil began to spread his own tarīqa , the silsila of which he traced back to angrenzAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī through Abū l-Hasan al-Shādhilī and ʿAbd as-Salām ibn Maschīsch , among the neighboring tribes. Although he held the will of Qadiriya for the best, but he led his students in various Sufi orders and gave them the freedom those will be selected that matched them, or to accumulate more. This brought Muhammad Fādil to a large clientele and formed a specialty of the Fādilīya, which clearly differed from the Qādirīya. Other elements that distinguished Muhammad Fādil's Tarīqa from the Qādirīya were the Jadhb ("state of trance"), the dance and the loud dhikr . Sīdī al-Muchtār al-Kuntī (1729–1811), for example, the founder of the Qādirīya-Muchtārīya (or Qādirīya-Bakkā'īya) among the Kunta , rejected dance, trance states and loud dhikr. Jadhb and dance took over Muhammad Fādil from the Ghudfīya, another brotherhood that was active in the region. The most common dhikr of Muhammad Fādil was Allāh, Allāh (…) hūwa, hūwa (…) anta, anta (…) āh, āh .

Family Policy and Offspring

During his lifetime, the Fādilīya gained some influence in the region. A nephew of Muhammad Fādil of the same name migrated to the northwest in 1850 and spread the order in the Adrar region . In particular, he put his 48 sons and 50 daughters at the service of the expansion of the order. Even before his death, he prepared his succession very carefully by dividing the habitat of the Bidhan among the most important of them.

Muhammad Fādil died on 10th Muharram, 1869 (April 22nd, 1869). While his son Sīdī l-Chair continued his father's Zāwiya in the Hodh, most of the brothers emigrated to sub-Saharan Africa. Muhammad Fādil's sons Sīdī al-Mustafā (1831-1910), better known under the name Mā 'al-ʿAinain al-Qalqamī , and Saʿd Būh (1850-1917) made particular contributions to the spread of the order . While Mā 'al-ʿAinain organized the resistance against the French with his supporters, his brother Saʿd Būh worked closely with the colonial power.

Works

Ulrich Rebstock lists a total of 23 writings by Muhammad Fādil in his Moorish Literary History . These are almost exclusively in handwritten form. In the course of several DFG projects that Rebstock carried out together with Rainer Oßwald and Tobias Mayer in Mauritania between 1979 and 1997, microfilms were made of some of these writings, the originals of which are at the IMRS (Institut Mauritanien de Recherche Scientifique) in Nouakchott . Copies of these microfilms were scanned at the University of Freiburg and can be viewed as full text in the OMAR database. This includes the following fonts:

In addition, Muhammad Fādil wrote several poems in praise of the Sufi saint Muhammad al-Aqzaf (Laghdaf).

Legend of saints

Muhammad Fādil is also the subject of a hagiographic work entitled aḍ-Ḍiyāʾ al-mustabīn fī karāmāt aš-Shai Š Muḥammad Fāḍil ibn aš-Shai Š Muḥammad al-Amīn (“The clear light on the miracles of grace of Sheikh Muhammad Fādil, son of Sheikh Muhammad al -Amīn "). The author is Muhammad Fādil's disciple Muhammad Fādil ibn Muhammad Lahbīd al-Yaʿqūbī. The work contains numerous miracle reports about Muhammad Fādil. It is said that Muhammad Fādil's birth was foretold to his father Muhammad al-Amīn by a great saint. When the great scholar ʿAbdallāh al -Shinqītī, who held “the keys of the sciences” ( mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm ) in his hand, died in 1820 , the friends of God are said to have gathered with him and, after a consultation, decided to transfer them to Muhammad Fādil Hand to lay. The delivery to him allegedly took place in the presence of the angels. Miracle reports are also told in the work about the grandfather and great-grandfather Muhammad Fādil.

The entry about Muhammad Fādil in al-Mahjūbī's collection of biographies Manḥ al-rabb al-ġafūr fī ḏikri mā ahmalahu Ṣāḥib Fatḥ al-Shakūr also has a hagiographic character. Here it is told that Muhammad Fādil died a martyr of love, and in this context reference is made to the Quranic words: “ Do not consider those who died for the cause of God to be dead. O no! They are alive ”(Sura 2: 169).

literature

Arabic sources
  • Abū Bakr ibn Ahmad al-Muṣṭafā al-Maḥǧūbī: Manḥ al-rabb al-ġafūr fī ḏikri mā ahmalahu Ṣāḥib Fatḥ al-Shakūr . Ed. Muḥammad al-Amīn al-Ḥamādī. ENS Editions, Lyon, 2011. pp. 188-191. PDF
  • Muḥammad Fāḍil ibn Muḥammad Lahbīd al-Yaʿqūbī: aḍ-Ḍiyāʾ al-mustabīn fī karāmāt aš-Shaiẖ Muḥammad Fāḍil ibn aš-Shaiẖ Muḥammad al-Amīn . OMAR digitized
Secondary literature
  • Rahal Boubrik: "Itinéraire initiatique du fondateur de la tarîqa Fâdiliyya (Mauritanie)" in Th. Zarcone, E. Işın u. A. Buehler (eds.): "The Qâdiriyya Order", Special Issue of the Journal of the History of Sufism (2000) 259-274. - Reprinted under the title “Itineraire du fondateur de la tariqa Fadiliyya” in Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos (REIM) 11 (2011) 38–54. Online version
  • Alfred Le Chatelier: L'islam dans l'Afrique occidentale . G. Steinheil, Paris, 1899. pp. 327-332. Digitized
  • Glen Wade McLaughlin: Sufi, Saint, Šarīf: Muḥammad Fāḍil Wuld Mamin; his spiritual legacy, and the political economy of the sacred in nineteenth century Mauritania . Evanston, Ill., Univ., Diss., 1997.
  • Paul Marty: Études sur l'Islam maure: Cheikh Sidïa; les Faḍelïa, les Ida ou Ạli . Leroux, Paris, 1916. pp. 113-219. Digitized - simultaneously published in Revue du monde musulman 9/10 (1915/16) 137–213.
  • Ulrich Rebstock : Moorish literary history . 3 volumes. Ergon, Würzburg, 2001. Vol. I, pp. 338-340 (No. 951).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Gouilly: L'Islam dans l'Afrique Occidentale Française. 1952, p. 99.
  2. ^ Marty: Études sur l'Islam maure . 1916, 115f.
  3. ^ Marty: Études sur l'Islam maure . 1916, 118.
  4. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 269.
  5. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 261.
  6. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 265.
  7. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 262f.
  8. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 263f.
  9. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 267.
  10. ↑ Cf. Gouilly: L'Islam dans l'Afrique Occidentale Française. 1952, p. 100.
  11. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 271.
  12. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 272.
  13. ↑ See Marty: Études sur l'Islam maure . 1916, 121f.
  14. ^ Marty: Études sur l'Islam maure . 1916, 120, 148-205.
  15. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 274.
  16. ^ Marty: Études sur l'Islam maure . 1916, 117.
  17. ↑ Cf. al-Maḥǧūbī: Manḥ al-rabb . 2011, p. 189.
  18. ↑ Cf. al-Maḥǧūbī: Manḥ al-rabb . 2011, p. 190 and Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 269.
  19. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 260.
  20. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 263f.
  21. ↑ Cf. Boubrik: Itinéraire initiatique . 2000, p. 260.
  22. ↑ Cf. al-Maḥǧūbī: Manḥ al-rabb . 2011, p. 191.
personal data
SURNAME Muhammad Fādil ibn Māmīn
ALTERNATIVE NAMES محمد فاضل بن مامين (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Sufi of Sharif origin
DATE OF BIRTH February 25, 1795
DATE OF DEATH April 22, 1869