Multi-Crew Pilot License

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Multi-Crew Pilot License
German MPL (A) license according to JAR-FCL
Introduction: 2006 (ICAO)
2009 (LBA)
minimum theory lessons: 750
minimum practical hours: 240
Training mode: continuous
Minimum age: 18th
Medical : class 1

The license for commercial pilots in multiple flight crews (MPL) (from English multi-crew pilot license ) is a professional pilot license . It complements the commercial pilot license (CPL) and the commercial pilot license (ATPL).

The theoretical training phase is the same as that of the ATPL, while the practical phases, compared to the other two licenses, are more focused on working in a two-man cockpit. In this way, the student pilots can be prepared more specifically for scheduled operations. The license was introduced by the ICAO in 2006 ; at the same time, European guidelines were drawn up in cooperation with the JAA and ECA . In Germany, the legal basis was created in 2008 and implemented by the LBA in 2009 . The license is primarily intended as an ab initio training course , so prior knowledge is not required.

The license

The training of social skills to increase security in airline cockpits is an important premise of the MPL (A)

concept

Threat and Error Management (TEM)

The principle of Threat and Error Management (TEM) is intended to avoid disruptions and accidents due to poor social skills. The training goals are defined from defined performance criteria and instructions on behavioral patterns. For airlines, this form of training is closer to practice in a two-man cockpit.

Division of training

The practical training comprises four phases and is usually carried out in different training institutions. First of all, the aspirant begins his basic training at a training company for flight training (ATO) in order to learn VFR and the basics of IFR flying. The deepening of IFR-training and qualification for obtaining the authorization pattern is then performed in a training operation TRT (TRTO) and after receipt of the license by a so-called Line Training at an airline completed.

Proof-of-Concept

The proof-of-concept project puts the license and training under review and assessment to determine whether the license needs to be expanded or improved. This is done by precisely documenting the performance of the students and then evaluating them by the ICAO.

Requirements and rights

Student pilot

Applicants must be at least 18 years old and have a valid class 1 medical certificate . The training leads to the MPL license, i.e. an instrument flight license that is limited to aircraft with a two-man cockpit: The owner can act as co-pilot of a multi-engine, turbine-powered aircraft with a minimum flight crew of two pilots according to visual and instrument flight rules, as required by the type certification Act.

Flight instructor

In addition to the FI (A) authorization, the instructor must have at least 500 hours of flight experience (including at least 200 hours of teaching experience) and thus meet the same requirements as a CPL flight instructor in order to be able to teach in the basic training (first phase).

The activity in the advanced level (second phase) requires an MPL training course, 1500 flight hours in flight operations with several crew members and CRM training for the operator or his specific advanced training courses.

In the last two phases (intermediate and advanced level) and in line training , training is of TRI performed who have completed the training to training for these phases.

Theoretical training

MPL (A) theory certificate from the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt

The same topics are covered as in an ATPL training, which is taught in at least 750 teaching hours. As a result, no further theory tests have to be taken in the event of a later transfer. The following subjects are the content of the theoretical training, which must be proven at a training company for flight training ( ATO ) approved by the aviation authority :

  • 010 Air Law
  • 021 Airframe / Systems / Powerplant (aircraft structure / systems / engines)
  • 022 instrumentation
  • 031 Mass & Balance (load & center of gravity)
  • 032 Performance Airplane (aircraft performance)
  • 033 Flight Planning and Monitoring
  • 040 Human Performance
  • 050 Meteorology (Meteorology)
  • 061 General Navigation
  • 062 Radio Navigation (radio navigation)
  • 070 Operational Procedures
  • 080 Principles of Flight (aerodynamics)
  • 091 VFR Communication (VFR voice radio procedure)
  • 092 IFR Communication (IFR voice radio procedure)

The last two subjects are assessed as “passed” in the three-day LBA exam if the AZF and BZF I aircraft radio certificates have been acquired beforehand .

Practical training

Joint Aviation Authorities MPL Training Scheme

The practical part consists of four phases (of which in turn at least ten hours of solo flight time) spread over at least 240 flight hours and the final line training . The rest of the training syllabus is determined by the flight schools as part of the performance criteria. Both pilot flying (PF) and pilot emergency flying (PNF) lessons are recognized, the scope of the respective phases remains up to the flight schools.

Core phase (basic aviation training)

In the first phase, the basics of flying (cockpit processes, standard navigation procedures and the basis of instrument flight) are learned at least to the extent of the private pilot license (PPL). The training company is free to decide whether the students complete a PPL test in order to be able to exercise the rights of a private pilot. The Crew Resource Management Training trains social skills such as situational awareness, leadership behavior and decision-making, which extends over the entire training.

FNPT-II procedural trainer

Basic phase (advanced level)

In the second phase of the training, the candidate gains experience as a pilot flying and pilot emergency flying in a two-man cockpit ( multi-crew ). To acquire the instrument rating, cross-country flights must be carried out according to the instrument rules and the procedures in the event of possible disruptions must be trained. For these, there are also separate exercises on an FNPT- II simulator.

The last two phases take place on full-motion flight simulators

Intermediate phase (intermediate level)

Training with several crew members on a multi-engine turbine-powered aircraft takes place in the third phase of MPL training. For practical support, training is given on a full flight simulator (e.g. A320 / B737 ) Level D. As PF / PNF , the pilot candidates fly standard operating procedures (unified cockpit processes of the airline) under different flight conditions, train call-outs and practice the professional handling of checklists. The coordination through the crew resource management training will be further consolidated. This is followed by Line Orientated Flight Training ( LOFT ), based on the implementation of the exercises in the simulator.

Advanced Phase (advanced level)

Type rating

This level is used to acquire the type rating (MPA) ( Type Rating ). It is tailored to the requirements and standards of the airline with which the participant is completing the last part of their training. During the type rating, the pilots deepen their knowledge in the full flight simulator. You will train normal and abnormal procedures (standard procedures for normal operation and for emergency situations) as well as active cooperation in the cockpit. As part of the circuit training, the pilots must carry out twelve take-offs and landings ( touch-and-goes ) under the supervision of an instructor from the airline.

Line Flying Under Supervision (LIFUS)

After the completion of the type rating, the pilot holds his license with which he the last section with the airline his training with a Line Training concludes. The applicant is bound to the specific airline.

MPL in German-speaking countries (A, CH, D)

Airline introduction Planned duration Flight School (FTO) Locations Training fleet Type Certification Company (TRTO) Type rating deployment Costs to be borne by the student
Lufthansa Group 2009 24 Months Lufthansa Aviation Training Bremen EDDW , Goodyear KGYR Cirrus SR20 , Cessna Citation CJ1 + Lufthansa Flight Training A320 , E-Jet , CRJ900 depending on the accepting airline of the Lufthansa Group € 80,000
Condor 2014 24 Months TFC buyers Eat NOBLE Aquila 210 , Cessna 152 , Piper PA-28 , Piper PA-44 A320 / A321, B757 / B767 Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Munich € 77,000
Swiss 2008 21 months Swiss Aviation Training Ltd. Grenchen LSZG , Vero Beach KVRB Diamond DA40 NG, Piper PA-28 Warrior, Piper PA-44 Seminole, Diamond DA42 Swiss Aviation Training Ltd, Lufthansa Flight Training A320, C-Series Zurich LSZH 30,000 CHF for Swiss citizens / 54,000 CHF for EU / EFTA citizens
Austrian 2017 24 Months Lufthansa Aviation Training Bremen EDDW , Goodyear KGYR, Rostock ETNL Cirrus SR20 , Diamond DA42 Lufthansa Flight Training A320 , Embraer 195 Vienna LOWW € 40,000

criticism

The MPL license was criticized because of its structure and its limited possibilities in comparison to the other licenses:

Flight hours

In media reports and trade magazines, it was said that you spend little time in a real aircraft and that most of the training takes place on simulators and procedural training devices. In addition, there would be the option of having both PF and PNF hours credited, which would halve the effective hours at the controls.

Although training that relies heavily on full-flight simulators is not cheaper than on the usual training aircraft, the legislature has created a way to work in a cockpit with a minimum of actual flight hours: Immediate physical limits and respect for the Consequences of their non-recognition or carelessness at the wrong moment would only become clear in reality.

The responsibility for the quality of the training would lie much more clearly with the schools and the airlines, who could only implement this concept in close cooperation; the constant evaluation would extend to the line training of the airline taking over the pilots. In this way, quality monitoring and the necessary feedback loop back to the flight school and to the ICAO are ensured at the same time.

Coverage of pilot needs

The growing need for pilots in the Asian market was covered faster and more cost-effectively with the introduction of the license. In addition, a license was to be created that met the requirements of scheduled aviation at the time and at the same time conveyed all the risks and challenges associated with this to the future pilots in the growing air traffic.

Cost factors

The main point of criticism was that the MPL license produced inexpensive pilots without sufficient practical flight experience and who were heavily dependent on an employer. On this occasion, the costs for type rating and LIFUS, formerly classic employer benefits, would also be passed on to the prospective pilot; the cost sharing of the flight student in the Lufthansa training after the switch to the MPL training increased from 40,903 EUR (2008) to 80,000 EUR (2019). It remains to be seen whether the license is actually cheaper; Initial studies in Australia and New Zealand came to the conclusion that even more hours are necessary for the MPL training than for a classic training course, which also offers the pilot more rights.

Description to ATPL (A), CPL (A) and IR (A)

Since the main focus in the MPL training is on piloting (usually larger) aircraft with a crew of several, licenses that entitle you to pilot aircraft as the only pilot, such as ( PPL or CPL ), must be acquired separately afterwards through additional test flights . For the issuance of the ATPL, however, the MPL can be fully credited after proof of the necessary practical flight experience (number of flight hours according to the ATPL requirements) and a test flight (also according to ATPL requirements), the ATPL issued in this way remains limited to aircraft with a crew of several .

Entry into the work environment

Since the MPL is tailored to the requirements of airlines, the MPL training is only offered by them. Here it is consciously accepted that with the MPL aircraft types that are approved for one-man crews may not be flown by the license holder alone. However, if MPL holders are not taken over by the training airline, it is precisely these aircraft on which pilots of the aviation industry could gain their first flight experience.

See also

Web links

Commons : Multi-Crew Pilot License  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Single receipts

  1. ↑ JAR-FCL 1.001 Professional pilot
  2. ↑ a b c JAR-FCL 1.520 Theoretical knowledge
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h ICAO article on the MPL ( Memento of July 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 4, 2011.
  4. ↑ ECA on the MPL , European Cockpit Association, accessed on June 6, 2011
  5. ↑ JAR-FCL 1 German Amendment 7, from November 17, 2008
  6. ↑ a b LBA press release on the MPL  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed May 4, 2011.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.lba.de  
  7. ↑ JAR-FCL 1 German Amendment 7 effective February 1, 2009
  8. ↑ a b c FAQs on the MPL ( memento of October 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), ICAO Air Navigation Bureau, accessed on October 17, 2012
  9. ↑ a b JAR-FCL MPL (A) 1,530 Practical Skills
  10. ↑ a b c d e f Appendix 1 to JAR-FCL 1.520 and 1.525 Continuous training for MPL (A) (11) flight training
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Appendix 1 to JAR-FCL 1.520 and 1.525 Continuous training for MPL (A) (17) Flight training in synthetic flight training devices
  12. ↑ a b c d e f Guidelines and four phases concept ( memento of the original from September 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Joint Aviation Authorities, accessed May 9, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jaa.nl
  13. ↑ JAR-FCL 1.055 training companies and registered training institutions (a) Flight Training Organization (FTO)
  14. ↑ JAR-FCL 1.055 Training companies and registered training institutions (b) Type Rating Training Organization (TRTO)
  15. ↑ JAR-FCL 1,500 minimum age
  16. ↑ JAR-FCL 1.505 Medical fitness
  17. ↑ a b JAR-FCL MPL (A) 1.510 Section (a) Requirements and rights
  18. ↑ a b JAR-FCL 1.310 Section (d) (1) Additional requirements for instructors or holders of recognition for training in an MPL (A) course
  19. ↑ JAR-OPS 1.945 section (a) (9) retraining and review
  20. ↑ JAR-FCL 1.330 Section (g) Rights and requirements for conducting flight training for the acquisition of an MPL (A)
  21. ↑ JAR-FCL 1.405 Section (c) Recognition for training on synthetic flight training devices (SFI (A) / MPA) rights
  22. ↑ Appendix 1 to JAR-FCL 1.520 and 1.525 Continuous training for MPL (A) (9) Theoretical knowledge
  23. ↑ JAR-FCL 1.470 (a) Content of theoretical exams
  24. ↑ ATPL (A) Examination subjects  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , LBA homepage, accessed on May 3, 2011@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.lba.de  
  25. ↑ a b JAR-FCL 1,515 flight experience
  26. ↑ MPL - Multi Crew Pilot License. In: fs.airberlin.com. Air Berlin PLC & Co. Luftverkehrs KG, archived from the original on November 1, 2011 ; Retrieved May 4, 2011 .
  27. ↑ a b Lufthansa pilot application , accessed on March 4, 2014.
  28. ↑ JAR-FCL 1.001 Performance Criteria
  29. ↑ JAR-FCL 1.001 Aircraft with two pilots (Multi-Pilot Airplane)
  30. ↑ Appendix 1 to JAR-FCL 1.520 and 1.525 Continuous training for MPL (A) (18/19) practical skills
  31. ↑ Lufthansa - Home. Retrieved April 9, 2019 .
  32. ↑ [1] , TFC buyer MPL training for Condor, accessed on March 9, 2015
  33. ^ Condor Flugdienst GmbH. Retrieved October 24, 2019 .
  34. ↑ Swiss Aviation Training models ( memento from June 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), SAT homepage, accessed on May 17, 2011
  35. ↑ How do I finance my training as a SWISS pilot? - European Flight Academy. Retrieved October 26, 2019 .
  36. ^ Austrian Airlines Pilot Recruitment - Flight School. Retrieved October 24, 2019 .
  37. ↑ a b c d e report on the MPL , Vereinigung Cockpit e. V., accessed on May 13, 2011
  38. ↑ How do I finance my pilot training? - European Flight Academy. Retrieved April 9, 2019 .
  39. ↑ Report on MPL , CASA Australian Aviation Authority, accessed on May 13, 2011
  40. ↑ JAR-FCL ATPL (A) 1.280 flight experience and crediting
  41. ↑ JAR-FCL 1,295 Practical Skills
  42. ↑ JAR-FCL ATPL (A) 1.275 Section (c) Rights and Requirements