Nasrid (Sistan)
The Nasriden ( DMG Naṣriden) were a local Muslim dynasty, which ruled over the Sistan region from 1030 to 1225 as the "heiress of the Saffarids " . Like their successors, the Mihrabanids (1225-1236), the Nasrids were known as the “rulers of Nimruz ” (mulūk-i Nīmrūz) and resided in Saranj .
The rule of the indigenous Nasrid dynasty began in the 1030s, when the power of the Ghaznavids , who only conquered Sistan in 1003 and overthrew the last Saffarids, began to wane again under Sultan Masud I (r. 1031-1040) and the Seljuks rose to become the new hegemonic power of the Islamic East.
The founder of the dynasty, Taj ad-Din Abu l-Fadl Nasr I, used the advance of the Seljuks Musa Yabghu and Tschaghri Beg (ruled 1038-1060) to eastern Iran to shake off the supremacy of the Ghaznavids and instead recognize that of the Great Seljuks, among whom the Nasrids then also remained for around 100 years.
For example, Taj ad-Din Abu l-Fadl Nasr II, who was only able to consolidate his rule after turbulent battles against a number of rivals, but then ruled the longest of all the Nasrid emirs, had to go to Sultan Sandjars (ruled 1097-1157 ) Personally take part in campaigns against the Ghaznavid Arslan Shah (1116/17) and the Seljuks Mahmud II (Battle of Saveh 1119), where he supposedly distinguished himself by his great bravery in the face of the Ghaznavid war elephants. Most of the battles were fought by the Sunni Nasrids with the Nizarites residing in neighboring Kuhistan , who were defeated by Baha ad-Daula Chalaf (1096) after a first advance to Sistan (1094), but in 1101 they advanced again to Daraq and the there Kadi killed so Sandjar commander Boz Qusch 1103 came to Zarandsch to agree with Khalaf and his son and successor Nasr (II.), a common approach against the nizari to. Nasr (II.), Is also used as one of those faithful vassals mention that on operating the khwarazmian dynasty Atsiz (/ reg. 1127 28-1156) together did in 1156, captured by the Sultan Sanjar holding Oghusen from Chorasan expel, and began - as can be seen from the inscriptions - with the construction of the minaret of Qasimabad (approx. 7 km northwest of Zahedan ), which probably only collapsed in the mid-1950s and is one of the most important architectural legacies of the Nasrid races .
The supremacy of the Seljuks over Sistan finally ended with Sandjar's death in 1157, which only meant that the Nasrids soon came under the influence of another great power. Taj ad-Din (III.) Harb, who completed the construction of the minaret of Qasimabad, had to submit to the Ghurids , as their supreme ruler, Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad (r. 1163-1203), also the cities in 1175 Herat and Puschang occupied.
The rapid decline of the Ghurids after the death of Sultan Muizz ad-Din Muhammad (r. 1203-1206), however, meant that the Nasrids (as well as other local dynasties) were forced to assume the supremacy of the Anushteginid Khorezm Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad (ruled 1200–1220) after he had conquered Herat (still in 1206), among others. It was also Sultan Ala ad-Din Muhammad who wrested the province of Kirman (bordering on Sistan in the west) from Taj ad-Din (III.) Harb , which the Nasrids briefly occupied at the beginning of the 13th century.
The rule of Harb's son and successor Yamin ad-Din Bahram-Shah was then primarily characterized by fighting against the Nizarites of Kuhistan, which the Nasride wanted to force into the border fortress (previously sold by his brother Nasir ad-Din Uthman) To return Shahanshah (at Nih). After two campaigns, however, Yamin ad-Din Bahram-Shah was killed in his own capital, Tsaranj, in 1221 by four Nicarite contract killers , whereupon there were once again conflicts over the throne among the Nasrids. The rival brothers Taj ad-Din (IV.) Nasr and Rukn ad-Din Mahmud, of whom the latter was the favorite of the interfering Nizarites, both perished when Sistan - without being conquered at that time - in 1222 was attacked by the Mongols, so that ultimately Abu l-Muzaffar Ali b. Harb (called "Zahid", "the ascetic") became an emir. However, this happened against the will of the Nizarites, who caused Baraq Hajjib, the new ruler of Kirman, to send the Anushteginid Malik Taj ad-Din Inal-Tegin (or Binal-Tegin) to Sistan to meet their candidate again with Uthman-Shah to sit on the throne. But instead of helping Uthman-Shah to rule, Inal-Tegin de facto took over power himself after his invasion of Sistan and Ali's death and put an end to the rule of the Nasrid dynasty in 1225.
List of the nasrid emirs
- Taj ad-Din (I.) Abu l-Fadl Nasr ibn Ahmad (ruled 1030-1031, 1034-1036 and 1038-1073)
- Baha ad-Daula Tahir ibn Nasr (r. 1073-1088)
- Badr ad-Daula Abu l-Abbas ibn Nasr (r. 1088-1090)
- Baha ad-Daula Chalaf ibn Nasr (r. 1090–1106)
- Taj ad-Din (II.) Abu l-Fadl (or Abu l-Fath) Nasr ibn Chalaf (r. 1106–1164)
- Shams ad-Din Ahmad ibn Nasr (r. 1164–1169)
- Taj ad-Din (III.) Abu l-Fath Harb ibn Izz al-Muluk Muhammad ibn Nasr (r. 1169-1213)
- Yamin ad-Din Bahram-Shah ibn Harb (r. 1213-1221)
- Taj ad-Din (IV.) Nasr ibn Bahram-Shah (r. 1221-1222)
- Shihab ad-Din Mahmud ibn Harb (r. 1221)
- Rukn ad-Din Mahmud ibn Bahram-Shah (r. 1221-1222)
- Abu l-Muzaffar Ali ibn Harb (r. 1222)
- Ala ad-Din Ahmad ibn Nasir ad-Din Uthman ibn Harb (r. 1223-1225)
- Uthman-Shah ibn Nasir ad-Din Uthman (r. 1225)
Sources and literature
- Tarich-i Sistan in translation by Milton Gold: The Tarikh-e Sistan . Rome 1976.
- Minhāǧ ad-Dīn Abū ʿAmr ʿUṯmān Ǧūzǧānī : Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī in translation by Henry George Raverty: Tabakāt-i-Nāsirī - A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, including Hindūstān, from AH 194 [810 AD.], [1260 AD], and the Irruption of the Infidel Mu gh als into Islām . London 1881-99.
- Eduard von Zambaur : Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'historie de l'Islam . Hannover 1927, pp. 200-201.
- Ferdinand Justi: Iranian name book . Marburg 1895, p. 439.
- Clifford Edmund Bosworth: The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949 / 1542-3) . Costa Mesa CA / New York 1994, ISBN 1-56859-015-6 .