National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan

جنبش ملی اسلامی افغانستان National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
Party leader	Abdul Raschid Dostum
founding	March 1992
Alignment	Center-left center-right
Colours)	black, red, green
Parliament seats	3/249

The National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan ( Dari جنبش ملی اسلامی افغانستان, Junbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan ), sometimes simply called Junbish , is the political party of the Uzbeks in Afghanistan . Its founder and chairman is General and current Vice President Abdul Raschid Dostum .

The party has already been described as a party of former communists and Islamists , but is officially considered center-left and secular . A large part of the electorate consists of Uzbeks - so it is not surprising that they do particularly well in the northern provinces, which have a high proportion of Central Asian residents due to their location; these include the provinces of Juzdschan , Balkh , Sar-i Pul , Samangan and Faryab . The organization has been charged several times with violating human rights.

history

Emergence

Junbish and her military wing, Division 53 , started out as a "self-defense unit" for the oil fields near the northern Afghan city of Scheberghan and by 1989 grew into an army of 40,000 men. This army joined the Afghan government and was designated Division 53. In 1988 Junbish troops replaced the Soviet army, took control of Kandahar and set up in the provinces of Khost , Logar , Ghazni , the city of Gardez in Paktika and the areas around Kabul .

Many commanders defected from the Mujahed joined the troops, such as Rasul Pahlawan , Ghaffar Pahlawan , both Uzbeks from Sar-i Pol, General Majid Rozi , an Arab Uzbek from Balkh, and General Jura Beg, an officer from Juzdschan. Most of the new members were either defectors or from the Parcham wing of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan .

Massoud and capture of Mazar-e Sharif

In 1992, when the Soviet Union withdrew aid to the government of Mohammed Najibullah , Dostum began negotiations with Ahmad Shah Massoud . When Najibullah tried on March 19 to replace General Moomin, who commanded the garrisons of Hairatan, he resisted with Dostum's support. This gave him control of the city of Mazar-e Sharif . This led to widespread looting. At that time, Junbish was the dominant party in Juzjan, Balkh, Sar-i Pul, Samangan, Baglan and Faryab.

Battle of Kabul (1992-1994)

When the government of Najibullah broke up in April 1992, Junbish troops entered the city through the road near the airport and within a month occupied Tap Maranjan , Bala Hissar , Kabul airport , Old Mikroroien and Chaman Hozori , the first two of which served as artillery bases . Furthermore, by controlling the airport, the rebels prevented Najibullāh from leaving and forced him to seek refuge on the United Nations premises . It also allowed defectors from the previous government to control the airport and fighter jets for the Battle of Kabul.

In May 1992 General Majid Rozi became Commander in Chief, General Hamayoon Fauzi was responsible for political affairs, General Jura Beg was responsible for stationing and releasing troops, and General Aminullah Karim was entrusted with the management of logistics. Rozi was recalled to Mazar at the end of 1992, so that Fauzi took over the command. Another important leader was Abdul Chiri , who controlled the militia regiment. Most of the control was maintained from the base in Naqlia, which is on the way from Kart-i Nau to Shah Shahid.

In July 1992 Dostum sent a request to Ahmad Shah Massoud, in which he demanded the formation of a headquarters to control the armed forces in the region. Though Massoud rejected this, Dostum carried out his plan, which created tension between the two.

Alliance with Hezb-e Islam and defeat in Kabul (1994)

After growing tensions with Jamiat, Junbish attempted to ally with Hezb-e Islam in January 1994 . However, this betrayal resulted in Junbish being driven from most of the strongholds in Kabul. Between January and June 1994 there was fierce fighting with up to 25,000 dead.

Conquest of Mazar-e Sharif and expansion in the north

The defeat at Kabul was countered with the removal of Jamiat's troops in the north of the country. After heavy fighting in Mazar, Jamiat was driven from the city; There were allegedly many rapes and extrajudicial executions during the battle. After taking Mazar, Dostum focused on expanding its position in the north.

Defected by General Abdul Malik Pahlawan (1996)

In June 1996, Rasul Pahlawan was murdered by his bodyguard, allegedly on Dostum's orders. In 1997, a group of Junbish Rasul's brothers joined, who had converted under the leadership of General Abdul Malik Pahlawan . Malik joined the Taliban and drove Dostum out of the country for four months, where he fled to Turkey . However, Malik quickly betrayed the Taliban by massacring thousands of their prisoners before being evicted in September 1997 when the Taliban fired him. Many rapes and looting have been recorded during this period, although it is not clear to what extent the National Islamic Movement was involved.

Then Dostum returned to Afghanistan and expelled Malik in a conflict in Faryab. Most of Malik's troops broke up with him and joined Dostum and his Junbish. Its armed forces are said to have robbed numerous Pashtuns in Faryab province. Dostum but was further weakened when the track from Herat to Maimana was captured in July 1998 by the Taliban and finally in August of Mazar-e Sharif.

Fall of the Taliban (2001)

Dostum and Junbish were particularly active in the 2001 fall of the Taliban under the National Islamic United Front to Save Afghanistan .

controversy

The movement violated human rights in several cases, particularly in northern Afghanistan between 1992 and 2001 and the area around Kabul during the Battle of Kabul. Their tendency to plunder occupied territories gave them the nickname Gilam Jam , which means something like “The carpet is tied”: Serious human rights violations , including rape , were regularly recorded in 100 areas under the control of Junbish, for example in the Naqlia base , Murder and pillage. Areas like Shah Shahid and Kārte Naw have faced similar problems. In July 2016, the human rights organization Human Rights Watch charged the militia with murder, rape and robbery of civilians in Faryab province in June, and the movement was charged with supporting the Taliban.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Anthony Davis: The Battlegrounds of Northern Afghanistan . Ed .: Jane's Information Group. July 1994.
2. ↑ Kenneth Katzmann: Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and US Policy. Retrieved October 23, 2013 . 
3. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: Refworld | Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978-2001 . In: Refworld . ( refworld.org [accessed November 8, 2018]).
4. ^ Afghanistan: Forces Linked to Vice President Terrorize Villagers . In: Human Rights Watch . July 31, 2016 ( hrw.org [accessed November 8, 2018]).