National concept of sport and safety

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The National Concept for Sport and Safety (NKSS) is a concept of the National Committee for Sport and Safety (NASS) that came into force in 1993 . This committee consists of the Standing Conference of Interior Ministers and Senators of the Länder (IMK) (often also referred to as the Conference of Interior Ministers for short) , as well as all those involved in joint action against violence at football matches. Since then it has been continuously updated and adapted. The current version 2012 was adopted on October 28, 2011.

Emergence

In 1979 the Federal Ministry of the Interior commissioned an expert report on the subject of sport and violence , which was published in 1982. The author of the report was the sociologist Gunter A. Pilz , who has been an honorary professor at the Institute for Sports Science at the University of Hanover since 1975 with a focus on sports and violence . The aim of the report was a target group-oriented deployment of social workers and educators to reduce acts of violence in the context of professional football games. As a result of the report, socio-educational fan projects were set up in Bremen, Hamburg, Hanover, Frankfurt and Berlin. The fan projects were brought together under the umbrella of the German Sports Youth (as part of the German Sports Association ) and a coordination office (KOS) was formed. A decisive event for the promotion of a security concept was the final for the European Cup between Liverpool FC and Juventus Turin in 1985 in the Heysel Stadium in Brussels , in which 39 people were killed as a result of riots. Opinions on social work with football fans initially differed greatly. The DFB, which at that time was still the sponsor of the Bundesliga, and the clubs were very critical and sometimes negative. In the opinion of the DFB, the behavior of football fans was a social problem that should also be solved by society. Nevertheless, something was moving in some clubs. For example, fan representatives were appointed who mostly came from the fan scene themselves and represented a kind of interest group for the interests of football fans. The standing as well as the actual influence of the fan representatives was very different depending on the club and the acceptance was rather low.

In 1991, the IMK decided to set up a central point to standardize the efforts of the respective state information centers for sports operations (LIS). Since there are most of the Bundesliga clubs in North Rhine-Westphalia , the Central Information Center for Sports Operations (ZIS) was set up there. Today it is based in Duisburg . Furthermore, in the final report of 23 July 1991, football fans were divided into three categories according to the criteria laid down by the Sport and Security Working Group of the Subcommittee on Leadership, Deployment and the Fight against Crime. In category A football fans are divided into no violence whatsoever. Category B describes the violent disruptor. Category C describes the violent interferer. In 1992 the national concept for sport and safety was adopted and has been updated several times since then. The changes in professional football in Germany, in particular the establishment of the German Football League (DFL), also changed the composition of the NASS.

Composition of the NASS

The NASS is composed of the following institutions:

As a specialist advisor, the following are involved on an event-related or permanent basis

Content and goals

Basics and development

The aim of the NKSS is the cooperation of all those involved. The composition of the institutions in terms of personnel as well as uniform stadium regulations, a nationwide stadium ban or the planning and implementation of fan trips are intended to avoid violence and misconduct in the context of sporting events. In addition to cooperation, the individual institutions have various tasks that they have to fulfill according to the NKSS. In the course of time, since the introduction of the NKSS, the situation has changed significantly due to new developments and phenomena. Hooligans have lost much of their importance. Today, the focus is primarily on the very heterogeneous scene of the individual ultra-groupings of up to 1,000 people . There were also further changes due to the league structural reform in 2008/09 and the associated strong increase in audience interest. In the 2010/11 season alone, almost 17.4 million viewers attended the games in the 1st and 2nd Bundesliga. As a result of these significant changes, the content and objectives of the NKSS were further developed and updated. It presented itself as a holistic framework concept for the security work of all network partners in connection with sporting events. As early as May 2010, a new nationwide concept against violence at football matches was decided as part of a “round table” on the occasion of the 2nd Cologne Sports Law Day on the subject of “Sport and Violence”. Representatives of the Interior and Sports Ministers' Conference as well as the German Football Association (DFB) and the German Football League (DFL) took part in the round table.

Content (overview)

In terms of content, the concept was not designed as an everlasting basic concept from the outset, but was always subject to further development due to the changes at sporting events. These are the key points as of 2012:

  • Fan support in the context of social work
  • Stadium security
  • Fan travel
  • Event security
  • Network security
  • Media and public relations
  • Research and prevention
  • Advancement

Measures achieved or started

According to the company's own information, a lot has been done over the past 20 years (as of 2012) to ensure safety through measures within the framework of the NKSS. This includes the construction of modern stadiums taking into account high structural security measures, professionalization in the area of ​​security services, the support of now 51 fan scenes through socio-educational fan projects, intensive and extensive prevention work, the issuing of nationwide stadium bans for violent criminals, the use of a professional police force and the grown, close cooperation at local, national and increasingly international level.

Responsible persons and work areas within the NKSS

In addition to the agreements on cooperation between the parties involved, a number of areas of responsibility and positions have arisen since the NKSS was introduced. The police of the federal states and the federal police as well as the associations and clubs have expanded and networked their responsibilities and areas of responsibility.

Officials with knowledge of the scene (SKB) - officers of the Federal Police with knowledge of the scene (FKB)

Around 180 police officers are on duty as scene-savvy officers (official name: scene- savvy officers for problem fans in the field of sports ), or SKB for short. This position was established in some federal states long before the first NKSS was passed in the early 1980s. SKB are specially trained officers who are already trying preventively to address the active scenes, especially hooligans and ultras. They are available to the police operations management at home and away games and work closely with the clubs. They are present at security meetings about security-related games and regularly exchange ideas with those responsible in the clubs and carry out direct clarification work in the event of crimes in connection with football games. In some federal states there are separate departments for the field of sport, in which the officials work exclusively in this field. Especially in the lower leagues (3rd league, regional league), the officials are only temporarily active in the field of sports and otherwise do a normal police service. Analogous to the SKB of the state police, there are the federal police officers who are knowledgeable. They have similar tasks to the SKB, the only difference being that they are responsible for the transport of Deutsche Bahn AG.

criticism

SKB's are partly controversial both by the police and among football fans. From the point of view of ultra-groupings in particular, the term “scene-savvy” is misleading. Data is collected from suspicious fans and criminal offenses are prosecuted; but from their point of view, the fans are just as little understood by the SKB as by other officials. In some cases, the police themselves are self-critical of their work. It can be seen again and again that Ultras are anti-police. While mutual respect is still possible with the hooligan scene, the police are not accepted by the younger ultras. Many groups completely refuse to be contacted by the police. Other officials even speak openly of corruption. So recommendations were z. B. pronounced a ban on alcohol in the stadiums, but this was then withdrawn in the interests of the club. Allegedly it should have come to bribe payments. It is also claimed that some SKBs are too close to the scene and do not keep a professional distance from the critical groups.

SKB Team Germany

For Confederations Cup 2005 and 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany a specially selected team of SKB was used. After the soccer world championship in 2006, the police of the federal states and the federal government in the committees of the conference of interior ministers approved the establishment of a new, fixed SKB-TEAM-Germany. This team consists of 14 officials from all over Germany. The aim of the work of the SKB-TEAM-Germany is to prevent event-related riots on the occasion of soccer games of the German national team at home and abroad through education, advice and intervention. The deployment takes place under the direction of the ZIS.

SLO

Bundesliga and Bundesliga 2 clubs must set up a full-time fan representative. The clubs in the 3. Liga and from 2012 under sponsorship of the National and Regional Associations Regional leagues need to set the position of a fan representatives, which should be employed full as possible. However, for reasons of cost, the associations were given the opportunity to set up a part-time position or an honorary position. In the first NKSS, the fan representatives were not yet part of the concept. According to the concept, the actual fan work was limited to the socio-educational work of the fan projects. Only in the updates did the fan representatives of the clubs become an integral part of the concept. Since 2010, the creation of full-time fan representatives has been bindingly agreed between the management of the DFL and the Federal Ministry of the Interior. Most Bundesliga clubs had already set up such a position at this point. They are an integral part of the license conditions of the DFL and the 3rd league and also in the playing eligibility of the regional leagues. There are also voluntary fan representatives in some clubs in the major leagues.

In contrast to many other areas of responsibility in football, the position of the fan representative emerged from the fan scene. At the beginning of the 1980s, fans of the Bundesliga clubs tried to use this to create a lobby for their concerns within the club. In some clubs, however, there was initially strong resistance. In many cases, the position of fan representative was discontinued after relegation for cost reasons. Even in clubs where the post was permanently installed, there was little acceptance in the early years and the work and the areas of responsibility remained largely unknown to the public until the 2000s. The position was upgraded by networking the fan representatives and by anchoring the profession in the NKSS. The tasks and requirements also increased.

Requirements and tasks

The tasks of the fan representatives were laid down in the recommendation for the support of football fans of the DFB. In contrast to the fan projects, the fan representatives do not do any educational work and are not limited to groups and individual fans who are risk-relevant, but are the most important point of contact for all supporters of the clubs. The requirements have increased enormously over the past few years. Even though fan representatives do not do youth or social educational work, they must have knowledge of the sequence of group dynamic processes as well as of the possibilities and procedures to guide and guide people positively. Basic knowledge in psychology and sociology is desirable according to the recommendations of the DFB. The most important requirement, however, is that fan representatives have extensive knowledge of their club's fan scene (people, structures, behavior and interests). Fan representatives should not be employees of socio-educational fan projects.

The actual tasks of the fan representatives are very different in the individual clubs. However, these are uniform with regard to the tasks within the NKSS. Fan representatives are the link between the club and fans. The fan representative has the right to be heard and to speak on fan-specific technical questions. On the other hand, he represents the politics and decisions of the club towards the fans. The second main focus of the NKSS is in the area of ​​security and prevention. The fan representative works closely with the club's security officer and all network partners. The extent of the number of partners depends on the structure and design within the association. General partners are the SKB's of the police, FKB's of the federal police, the security service in the stadium and the fan projects. In addition, the fan representative is also the contact person for the stadium owner (e.g. in the case of municipal sponsorship of the sports facility), the public order and youth welfare offices or other social or municipal institutions.

Fan projects

Fan projects are a special form of youth and social work. They are independent youth welfare institutions and are networked with local youth welfare structures. The target group of the fan projects are all football fans between the ages of 14 and 27, regardless of gender and social class.

Goals anchored in the NKSS

  • The young fans' self-esteem and sense of responsibility are strengthened and personal skills are expanded
  • Network partners, in particular the soccer clubs, make targeted use of the expert advice on fan projects
  • Predictability, clear rules and partnership-based communication between the network partners create trust and confidence in young fans
  • Young fans are involved in the decisions that affect them
  • Non-violent conflict solutions in the context of football are being developed; the emergence of aggression and violence is consistently counteracted
  • Democratic and humanitarian principles and values ​​as well as legal norms are accepted by the young fans; extremist orientations, prejudices and enemy images are dismantled; young fans are committed to all forms of discrimination, especially racism, sexism, homophobia and anti-Semitism
  • Female and male fans are equal and have equal rights
  • Young fans live healthy; the framework conditions in the context of football promote a healthy lifestyle

Security officer

Safety officers are responsible for the implementation of the safety measures in the sense of the traffic safety obligation ( § 823 BGB ) and the provisions on the position of guarantor ( § 13 StGB ). Their tasks are defined in Section 18 of the guidelines for improving security at national games. Like the fan representatives, the security officers of the 1st and 2nd Bundesliga are to be employed full-time. A full-time position is desirable in the third and fourth division, but voluntary positions are permitted. The security officer works closely with the Prevention and Security Department of the DFB. The area of ​​responsibility is divided into event-dependent tasks and event-independent tasks. The event-dependent tasks relate to the game day itself. Here is the security officer for the arrival and departure of the referees and teams, expected spectators, previous ticket sales, side events, security assessments, special hazards, necessary countermeasures, planned security service and u. responsible. The event-independent tasks include the recording and evaluation of extraordinary security-relevant events both within and outside of the club before, during and after national games. Furthermore, the safety officer is required to participate in structural measures at the sports facility, provided that these are safety-relevant, such as B. technical monitoring systems, fences and the like. The security officer is in contact with all authorities, the fire brigade, police and security service. This position should not be perceived as multifunctional. The security officer should not be the organization or event manager or take on other tasks at the same time. The associations are urged in the recommendations to take more care of security tasks (see also the section on controversies and criticism ).

activities

The NKSS contains a number of measures to improve safety at sporting events. The focus of these measures is prevention. These range from the technical implementation in the sports facilities and personnel implementation to measures in the context of media and public relations work as well as active measures with the fans, such as B. the imposition of stadium bans. In order to ensure an exact, as uniform as possible implementation, these measures are specified in various guidelines and recommendations and summarized in the NKSS in the area of ​​event security.

Sports facilities

The sports facilities are subject to the guidelines for improving safety at national games . Until the 2011/12 season, these were uniform, or adapted to the requirements of size and league affiliation, for the 1st Bundesliga to the Regional League (4th league). From the 2012/13 season, the sponsorship of the regional leagues will be transferred to the state and regional associations, and these no longer have the status of national games. The guidelines apply in accordance with the requirements of the respective clubs with regard to the size of the stadium, the number of fans or the average number of visitors to the games and the local conditions. The exact requirements, which do not remain an unconditionally applicable part of the guidelines, are determined by the sponsoring association. This should enable smaller clubs to participate in the regional league and adapt the requirements to the actual circumstances. Due to the different sponsorship of the regional leagues, different requirements can arise here. However, the minimum requirements of the sports facilities remain uniform. In principle, the guidelines only apply to national games and only apply to the extent that no further-reaching regulations apply, such as B. UEFA or FIFA rules and regulations for international matches or, if a stadium is municipal property, the public law provisions applicable there.

Stadium rules

According to the NKSS, the stadium regulations should apply uniformly to all stadiums in the respective league. In practice, however, there are still differences in the details. This is largely due to the fact that the provisions of the federal states apply in the place of assembly ordinances, building regulations or different fire protection and other regulations for hazard avoidance. The security relevance of the fan scene of the respective club or the risk potential depending on the encounter also play a major role. Nonetheless, the NKSS stipulates model stadium regulations in order to make it easier for fans to comply with regulations that are as uniform as possible.

Structural measures

Over the years since the introduction of the Bundesliga, the minimum structural requirements for sports facilities have changed significantly. Today, the guidelines not only specify the necessary technical equipment in the stadium, but also the external conditions around the stadium as well as access routes and connections to public transport. All stadiums must be designed in such a way that they have both external and internal fencing. Home and away fans must be able to enter the stadium separately from each other. People who are particularly at risk are to be protected by structural measures (e.g. players, referees, etc.). Furthermore, the regulations contain a number of measures that are intended to contribute to safety. Requirements for escape routes, the possibility of police measures, rooms for the security service, stadium speakers and technical and media requirements are defined.

Stadium ban

Stadium bans are a preventive measure to keep fans who violate the stadium rules or who commit a criminal offense in connection with football events away from football events. The implementation is regulated by the "Guidelines for the Uniform Treatment of Stadium Bans" of the DFB . The maximum duration is currently three years. Depending on the offense, there are both local and supra-regional (so-called nationwide or - in the regional league - nationwide) entry bans on all competition venues (Bundesliga to regional league and comparable events such as DFB-Pokal, etc.). The stadium ban practice, especially as a preventive measure, has been heavily criticized by various fan groups, among other things because it does not have to be based on a final conviction.

Further projects

In some federal states as well as in some clubs, associations and groups there are further measures, some of which also function as pilot projects and, depending on experience, are to be incorporated into the NKSS in the future. Research, prevention and further development are an express part of the NKSS. NASS currently sees a need for action in research into the ultrasound phenomenon. The current state of research is considered out of date. It is therefore seen as necessary to carry out empirical studies of the ultra groupings in Germany.

Interior Minister Jäger launched a 10-point plan in North Rhine-Westphalia. Among other things, this provides for a dialogue not only within the highest decision-makers, but also at the grassroots. So on October 13, 2011, the Lev-Dialog took place, named after the venue, the BayArena in Leverkusen. Here fan representatives, fan projects of the four highest leagues from North Rhine-Westphalia met officials from the federal police, the ZIS, operations managers and SKB's from the state police in North Rhine-Westphalia. All those present were able to quickly agree that only well-developed communication structures would enable a realistic and appropriate assessment of potential risks. Improved communication is also urged elsewhere. For example at an expert summit in January 2011 with over 300 participants from DFB, DFL, BAFF, KOS, GdP and other representatives from the police and sport. Both sides also agreed that there must be uniform operational guidelines for the police.

Controversy and criticism

Since the introduction of the NKSS, there has been criticism of the implementation as well as the content of the concept both within NASS and from outside. The main controversies here are nationwide stadium bans, alcohol in football stadiums and the use of pyrotechnic objects, as well as the demand for seating stadiums based on international models.

literature

  • Fabian Friedmann: Police and fans - a disturbed relationship? An empirical study of violent spectator behavior in German professional football . Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8366-8182-7 .
  • Konrad Langer: Criminalization of football fans. Manifestations, effects, problems . GRIN Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-640-60400-5 .
  • Michael Dissinger: Between commercialization and security: socio-educational fan projects in the field of tension between interests . Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8428-6871-7 .
  • Christian Dworzak: Social work with male, violent football fans - aspects of socialization / training, drinking behavior and the behavior of the police as explanations for violence in the context of a football game . GRIN-Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-638-93922-5 .
  • Marco Blumberg: Stadium ban - legal consideration of a civil law instrument . GRIN Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-656-09904-8 (master's thesis).

Web links

Institutions involved

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ from the presentation by Patrick Ament TU-Dresden on the subject of football fans and fan projects
  2. ↑ Central information center for football stakes
  3. ↑ Definition of the categorization of football fans. Request from the SPD parliamentary group to the federal government of November 28, 2011 (PDF; 133 kB)
  4. ↑ Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia, Football without violence, composition of NASS (PDF; 674 kB), p. 8
  5. ↑ NKSS  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 35 ff. Members of NASS@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.kos-fanprojekte.de  
  6. ↑ 2nd Cologne Sports Law Day on Violence and Sport 2010 ( Memento of the original from December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mik.nrw.de
  7. ↑ cf. NKSS, p. 3.
  8. ↑ Fanblock safety first to SKB’s
  9. ↑ Uwe John, SKB at 1.FC Cologne in the Kölner Stadt Anzeiger
  10. ↑ Anonymous conversation with an SKB - Spiegel Online
  11. ↑ SKB Team Germany - Police NRW
  12. ↑ history of working with fans of SV Waldhof Mannheim
  13. ↑ cf. NKSS, p. 12.
  14. ↑ Recommendation on looking after football fans (PDF; 72 kB), p. 3.
  15. ↑ cf. Recommendations for the use of security officers
  16. ↑ cf. Stadium manual Article 42.
  17. ↑ see guidelines for the improvement of national games, p. 3 ff.
  18. ↑ The LEV-Dialog - the police concept “NRW Initiative” put to the test - Report of the fan project Bielefeld ( Memento of the original from May 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fanprojekt-bielefeld.eu
  19. ↑ Expert meeting at the DFB in January 2011 - The Epoch Times Germany  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.epochtimes.de