Nitrosomonadales

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Nitrosomonadales
Spirils

Spirils

Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Betaproteobacteria
Order : Nitrosomonadales
Scientific name
Nitrosomonadales
Garrity et al., 2006

The Nitrosomonadales are bacteria and form an order within the Betaproteobacteria . In this order one finds a variety of metabolic pathways and cell shapes in very different habitats. The Nitrosomonadaceae family consists of nitrifying bacteria. Members of this family oxidize ammonium ions to nitrite . The genus Gallionella of the Gallionellacea family lives chemolithotrophically, it oxidizes iron and does not use organic substrates for energy conservation. It belongs to the iron bacteria group . Spirillum is characterized by its spiral cell shape.

Systematics

The order consists of the following families and genera (as of April 2018):

Some synonyms and controversial positions: The order Spirillales, under which the genus Spirillum should be placed as a type , is controversial among microbiologists. According to the current status, Spirillum is the only genus of the Spirillaceae family in the order Nitrosomonadales. Nitrosolobus is a synonym for Nitrosospira .

"Nitrosovibrio" Harms et al. 1976 is not a recognized genus of bacteria, only Nitrosospira tenuis uses the synonym “Nitrosovibrio tenius” (sic). Synonyms for Gallionella ferruginea are Spirillum ferrugineum , Chlamydothrix ferruginea and Spirophyllum ferrugineum .

Brief description of the genera

Nitrosomonadaceae: A wide variety of cell shapes exist in this family. In the Nitrosomonas genus, for example, there are single or short chains of rod-shaped or spherical cells. Nitrosomonas occurs in forest soils, eutrophic waters or in the sea. The cell forms of Nitrosolobus are pleomorphic, the species occur in arable soils and can also be found in freshwater. The cells of nitrosovibrio are mostly curved rods. Nitrosovibrio was mostly isolated from oligotrophic soils and also found on stones. Nitrosospira has spiral cells with 3-20 revolutions, even spherical cells occur. Nitrosospira was u. a. in forest soils and on rock surfaces, rarely also found in fresh water.

Spirillaceae: Only one genus, Spirillum, is described. They are rigid, curved, spiral-shaped cells that are bipolar, polytrich (tufted) flagellated. The cells are relatively large, 1.4–1.7 × 14–60 µm. The bacteria are found in stagnant fresh water with a low oxygen content. They break down various organic substances, but carbohydrates are not used.

Gallionellaceae: These include the genera Gallionella and Ferriphaselus . The cells of Gallionella are bean- or rod-shaped and endangered. The bacterium has a polar flagellate. It is chemolithotrophic and microaerobic, it uses CO 2 as a carbon source and generates energy through iron oxidation. It lives in iron-rich waters and groundwater with low oxygen content. Nitrosospira multiformis is phylogenetically closest to Gallionella .

The Thiobacillaceae family was reorganized in 2017. These include Thiobacillus , Annwoodia and Sulfuritortus . Thiobacillus was transferred from the previous position within the family Hydrogenophilaceae to the newly established family Thiobacillaceae based on investigations of the 16S rRNA and other chemotaxonomic features . The species Thiobacillus aquaesulis was added to the newly established genus Annwoodia .

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literature

  • Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock - Microbiology . 11th edition. Pearson Studium, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1
  • George M. Garrity: Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology . 2nd Edition. Springer, New York, 2005, Vol. 2: The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria ISBN 0-387-24145-0

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Order Nitrosomonadales. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved April 3, 2018 .
  2. ^ LPSN List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature
  3. ↑ Taxonomy Browser “Nitrosovibrio”. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved August 6, 2014 .
  4. ↑ a b Reclassification of Thiobacillus aquaesulis (Wood & Kelly, 1995) as Annwoodia aquaesulis gen. Nov., Comb. nov., transfer of Thiobacillus (Beijerinck, 1904) from the Hydrogenophilales to the Nitrosomonadales , proposal of Hydrogenophilalia class. nov. within the ' Proteobacteria ', and four new families within the orders Nitrosomonadales and Rhodocyclales . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . (2017) Volume 67, pp. 1191-1205. doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.001927