Thiobacillus

Thiobacillus
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria) Department : Proteobacteria Class : Betaproteobacteria Order : Nitrosomonadales Family : Thiobacillaceae Genre : Thiobacillus
Scientific name
Thiobacillus
Beijerinck 1904 (Approved Lists 1980)

Thiobacillus is a genus of gram-negative , sulfur- oxidizing, non- phototrophic bacteria. The formerly extensive genus has been made much smaller since studies around the turn of the millennium and only includes three species (as of 2020).

features

The cells of the species of Thiobacillus are rod-shaped. Spores are not formed. The cells occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains. A table follows with further characteristics of the individual species.

Some characteristics of the species of thiobacillus

	T. denitrificans	T. thioparus	T. thiophilus
Cell length	1.0-3.0	1.0-2.0	1.8-2.5
Cell shape	rod	short chopsticks	rod
Optimal temperature	28-32 ° C	25-30 ° C	25-30 ° C
Optimal pH	6.8-7.4	6.0-8.0	7.5-8.3
GC content in mol%	63-68	61-66	61.5

Habitat and way of life

The colorless sulfur bacteria may be selected from river sediments, channels, orifices, Watt sea floors , acid sulphate soils (hot) acid sources, mine shaft drainage, thermal waters , sewage treatment plants and hyper alkaline salt lakes are isolated, particularly from areas between aerobic water and anaerobic sediment. They live in areas where the electron donors are reduced sulfur compounds (often sulfides ) and electron acceptors such as oxygen or nitrogen oxides . Marine species need sodium chloride to live.

Due to their production of sulfuric acid, they are held responsible for damage caused by oxidative corrosion on concrete and pipes, but also on buildings and ancient structures. However, they can also be used as beneficial insects in mining for the extraction of metals from ore-poor soils that are not accessible by conventional metallurgical methods, although the problem of acidic iron sulphate wastewater is still unsolved. Thiobacillus species were used to combat potato scab : The affected area was treated with sulfur and the bacteria oxidized it to sulfuric acid. This makes the soil acidic and prevents the growth of the pathogen Streptomyces scabies .

In addition to Thiobacillus TYPES pyrite solubilize and accessible to other microorganisms and plants.

metabolism

The complete oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds to sulfates is common to all obligatory and optional autotrophic sulfur oxidizers, as well as the ability to lower the pH value and to grow on culture media containing thiosulfates , which is also used for detection. Some reactions can be summarized as follows:

${\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}S+2\ O_{2}\longrightarrow H_{2}SO_{4}} }$

${\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ H_{2}S+O_{2}\longrightarrow 2\ S^{0}+2\ H_{2}O} }$

${\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ S^{0}+2\ H_{2}O+3\ O_{2}\longrightarrow 2\ H_{2}SO_{4}} }$

${\displaystyle \mathrm {Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}+2\ O_{2}+H_{2}O\longrightarrow Na_{2}S_{4}O_{6}+4\ NaOH} }$

${\displaystyle \mathrm {Na_{2}S_{4}O_{6}+7\ O_{2}+6\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}+6\ H_{2}SO_{4}} }$

${\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ KSCN+4\ O_{2}+4\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow (NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}+K_{2}SO_{4}+2\ CO_{2}} }$

${\displaystyle \mathrm {5\ H_{2}S+8\ KNO_{3}\longrightarrow 4\ K_{2}SO_{4}+H_{2}SO_{4}+4\ N_{2}+4\ H_{2}O} }$

${\displaystyle \mathrm {5\ S^{0}+6\ KNO_{3}+2\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2\ K_{2}SO_{4}+2\ H_{2}SO_{4}+3\ N_{2}} }$

${\displaystyle \mathrm {FeS_{2}+2\ H_{2}O+7\ O_{2}\longrightarrow 2\ Fe_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}+2\ H_{2}O} }$

Systematics

External system

The genus Thiobacillus was first described in 1904 by Martinus Willem Beijerinck , and for a long time all gram-negative, sulfur-oxidizing, non- phototrophic bacteria were combined in the genus . Extensive physiological and genetic investigations (sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA , rRNA ) led in the 1990s and 2000s to the segregation of numerous species into other genera, some of which were also newly described, such as the genera Acidithiobacillus , Halothiobacillus and Thermithiobacillus . The genera Acidithiobacillus and Thermithiobacillus belong within the Proteobacteria to the Acidithiobacillia class established in 2013 with the only order Acidithiobacillales . The genus Halothiobacillus was placed in the order Chromatiales in the class of Gammaproteobacteria in 2005 .

In 2017 the species Thiobacillus aquaesulis was discovered by Boden et al. reclassified as Annwoodia aquaesulis and placed in the newly described genus Annwoodia . The two species are the family of Thiobacillaceae . At the same time the family was transferred from the order of the Hydrogenophilales to the order of the Nitrosomonadales in the class of the Betaproteobacteria . Other species were added to new genera belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria .

Internal system

Currently the genus only includes three species (as of 2020):

• Thiobacillus denitrificans (ex Beijerinck 1904) Kelly & Harrison 1989
• Thiobacillus thioparus Beijerinck 1904 (Approved Lists 1980), the type species
• Thiobacillus thiophilus Kellermann & Griebler 2009

Synonyms

Due to the extensive changes in the systematics, the bacteria previously known as Thiobacillus species have been moved to other genera; the names previously used are homotypical synonyms . The following is a list of the previously known Thiobacillus species and their current nomenclature (as of 2020):

• Thiobacillus acidophilus → Acidiphilium acidophilum ( Harrison 1983) Hiraishi et al. 1998
• Thiobacillus albertis → Acidithiobacillus albertensis corrig. ( Bryant et al. 1988) Kelly & Wood 2000
• Thiobacillus aquaesulis → Annwoodia aquaesulis ( Wood & Kelly 1995) Boden et al. 2017
• Thiobacillus caldus → Acidithiobacillus caldus ( Hallberg & Lindström 1995) Kelly & Wood 2000
• Thiobacillus concretivorus = Thiobacillus thiooxidans → Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans ( Waksman & Joffe 1922) Kelly & Wood 2000
• Thiobacillus delicatus → Thiomonas delicata ( Katayama-Fujimura et al. 1984) Kelly & Wood 2006
• Thiobacillus ferrooxidans → Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( Temple & Colmer 1951) Kelly & Wood 2000
• Thiobacillus halophilus → Guyparkeria halophila ( Wood & Kelly 1995) Soil 2017
• Thiobacillus hydrothermalis → Guyparkeria hydrothermalis ( Durand et al. 1997) Soil 2017
• Thiobacillus intermedius → Thiomonas intermedia ( London 1963) Moreira & Amils 1997
• Thiobacillus neapolitanus → Halothiobacillus neapolitanus ( Parker 1957) Kelly & Wood 2000
• Thiobacillus novellus → Starkeya novella ( Starkey 1934) Kelly et al. 2000
• Thiobacillus perometabolis = Thiobacillus versutus → Thiomonas perometabolis ( London & Rittenberg 1967) Moreira & Amils 1997
• Thiobacillus rapidicrescens → Paracoccus versutus ( Harrison 1983) Katayama et al. 1996
• Thiobacillus tepidarius → Thermithiobacillus tepidarius ( Wood & Kelly 1985) Kelly & Wood 2000
• Thiobacillus thermosulfatus → Thiomonas thermosulfata ( Shooner et al. 1996) Moreira & Amils 1997
• Thiobacillus thyasiris → Thiomicrospira thyasirae ( Wood & Kelly 1995) Wood & Kelly 1995

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Lesley Robertson and J. Kuenen: The Prokaryotes - The Genus Thiobacillus, 2006, Part 1, Section 3.2, pages 812-827, doi : 10.1007 / 0-387-30745-1_37
2. ↑ Kevin Byrne: Bath Advanced Science - Environmental Science . ISBN 978-0174483052
3. ↑ ^{a b} Donovan P. Kelly, Ann P. Wood: Reclassification of some species of Thiobacillus to the newly designated genera Acidithiobacillus gen. Nov., Halothiobacillus gen. Nov. and Thermithiobacillus gen. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 50 , no. 2 , March 2000, p. 511-516 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-50-2-511 , PMID 10758854 .
4. ↑ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Part: Order Acidithiobacillales. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved February 22, 2020 . 
5. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Order Chromatiales. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved February 22, 2020 . 
6. ↑ ^{a b} Rich Boden, Lee P. Hutt, Alex W. Rae: Reclassification of Thiobacillus aquaesulis (Wood & Kelly, 1995) as Annwoodia aquaesulis gen. Nov., Comb. nov., transfer of Thiobacillus (Beijerinck, 1904) from the Hydrogenophilales to the Nitrosomonadales, proposal of Hydrogenophilalia class. nov. within the 'Proteobacteria', and four new families within the orders Nitrosomonadales and Rhodocyclales . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 67 , no. 5 , May 2017, p. 1191-1295 , doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.001927 .
7. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Family Thiobacillaceae. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved February 22, 2020 . 
8. ^ ^{A b} Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Thiobacillus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved February 22, 2020 .