Oleiphilus messinensis

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Oleiphilus messinensis
Systematics
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Oceanospirillales
Family : Oleiphilaceae
Genre : Oleiphilus
Type : Oleiphilus messinensis
Scientific name
Oleiphilus messinensis
Golyshin et al. 2002

Oleiphilus messinensis is a type of bacteria . It is the only species of the genus Oleiphilus (as of May 2020). The name is derived from the Latin word "oleum" (oil) and the Greek adjective "philos" (loving). The species occurs in the sea and is ableto break downlong-chain hydrocarbons such as those found in petroleum . Oleiphilus messinensis is one of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria .

Appearance

The species Oleiphilus messinensis is movable by a flagellum located at one end of the cell (polar) . The cells are rod-shaped.

When cultivated in liquid media, O. messinensis colonizes the surface of alkane droplets and forms dense biofilms there . However, some cells are also free in the liquid. Cells that move in free medium are rod-shaped with a diameter of 0.66 to 0.88 μm. They have a centrally located chromosome . The diameter of the cells living on the alkane droplets is larger, between 0.88 and 1.26 μm. These cells contain many irregularly shaped cell inclusions that can make up 50% or more of the total cell volume. They are used to store fatty acids , mainly palmitic and stearic acid .

Growth and metabolism

The bacterium Oleiphilus messinensis is chemo-organotrophic . The Gram stain is negative. It is facultatively anaerobic . In the absence of oxygen, nitrate breathing takes place. The bacterium reduces nitrate to nitrite .

The oxidase test is positive, the catalase test is negative. Spores are not formed. Oleiphilus is not pigmented. Growth takes place at temperatures of 10 to 37 ° C, with an optimum between 20 and 25 ° C. Tolerated sodium chloride concentrations are between 0.06 and 10.5%, the optimum is 2.5–5%.

O. messinensis uses only a few compounds as energy and carbon sources. They are exclusively long-chain, aliphatic hydrocarbons with chain lengths between 11 and 20 carbon atoms, such as those found in crude oil. The bacterium also uses oxidized compounds of the hydrocarbon chains, such as corresponding fatty acids and alcohols. Some other compounds with longer hydrocarbon chains, such as B. Tween 40 and Tween 80 can be recycled.

Chemotaxonomic Features

4 different types of lipids were isolated: phosphatidylglycerols (PG), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidyldimethylethylamines and an unidentified phospholipid. The GC content is 47.8%. Compared to other obligate marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, the genome of Oleiphilus messinensis is much larger, it is 6.38 mega base pairs (Mbp). For Cycloclasticus pugetii it is 2.66 Mbp, for Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2T 3.12 Mbp, for Oleispira antarctica 4.4 Mbp and for Thalassolituus oleivorans it is 3.92 Mbp. Plasmids were not found.

Systematics

Oleiphilus messinensis is the only species in the Oleiphilaceae family and was first described in 2002. The family Oleiphilaceae belongs to the order of the Oceanospirillales , which belongs to the class of Gammaproteobacteria .

ecology

Oleiphilus messinensis requires long-chain hydrocarbons for growth and energy generation, it is ecologically one of the obligate marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, known in English as obligate marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (OMHCB). Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria are only found in small numbers in unpolluted water, but occur in large quantities in water polluted with petroleum. The species Oleiphilus messinensis was found in the port of the city of Messina in Sicily . This area is badly affected by heavy sea traffic and is constantly polluted by oil. Other species that rely on long-chain hydrocarbons are e.g. For example : Alcanivorax , Oleispira , and Thalassolituus .

These bacteria are considered bioindicators for environments polluted by oil and can be used for biological detoxification ( bioremediation ).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Eugene Rosenberg, Edward F. DeLong, Stephen Lory, Erko Stackebrandt , Fabiano Thompson: The Prokaryotes. Gammaproteobacteria. 4th edition, Springer, 2014, ISBN 3642389236
  2. ↑ Stepan V. Toshchakov et al .: The genome analysis of Oleiphilus messinensis ME102 (DSM 13489T) reveals backgrounds of its obligate alkane-devouring marine lifestyle In: Marine Genomics , Volume 36, December 2017, pp. 41–47 doi : 10.1016 / j.margen.2017.07.005
  3. ↑ Genus Oleiphilus LPSN, as of May 2, 2020.
  4. ↑ Claudia Ibacache-Quiroga, Juan Ojeda and M. Alejandro Dinamarca: 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing of Seawater Microbiota from Quintero Bay, Chile, Affected by Oil Spills, Shows the Presence of an Oil-Degrading Marine Bacterial Guild Structured by the Bacterial Genera Alcanivorax, Cobetia , Halomonas, and Oleiphilus In: Microbiology Ressource Announcements , (2018), 7, 21. doi : 10.1128 / MRA.01366-18

literature

  • Eugene Rosenberg, Edward F. DeLong, Stephen Lory, Erko Stackebrandt , Fabiano Thompson: The Prokaryotes. Gammaproteobacteria. 4th edition, Springer, 2014, ISBN 3642389236