Otto Rühle (politician, 1874)

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Otto Rühle

Karl Heinrich Otto Rühle (born October 23, 1874 in Großvoigtsberg near Freiberg in Saxony , † June 24, 1943 in Mexico City ) was a social democratic , later councilor communist politician and writer .

Life

Between 1907 and 1913 Rühle was a traveling teacher on the central education committee of the SPD , and from 1912 to 1918 a member of the Reichstag . On March 20, 1915, he and Karl Liebknecht , who had already voted in this way in the previous vote, were the only MPs to vote against the approval of the war credits . Before that, on August 4, 1914, Rühle had bowed to the SPD's parliamentary group and stayed away from the vote on December 2, 1914.

In 1916 - during the First World War - Rühle participated in the formation of the Spartakusbund and in December 1918 - after the end of the war - in the founding of the KPD . After his expulsion from the KPD in October 1919, Rühle was one of the founders of the KAPD on April 3, 1920 . Rühle was expelled from this party in October 1920. Between 1921 and 1925 he was a member of the AAUE . Otto Rühle broke away from the councilor communist direction of the German labor movement around 1925 and increasingly approached anarchism and Adler's individual psychology . From 1925 until the end of the Weimar Republic , Rühle worked as an education officer for the Community of Proletarian Freethinkers (GpF) and devoted himself primarily to cultural-historical studies.

In the summer of 1932 he left Germany and settled with his second wife Alice Rühle-Gerstel in their native city of Prague . On the mediation of his son-in-law, Rühle worked as a consultant for the Mexican Ministry of Education from 1935. Alice Rühle-Gerstel followed him to Mexico in 1936 . In his role as an educational advisor, he was also in contact with Leo Regener and Hans Löhr , for whom he - albeit unsuccessfully - sought employment in the Mexican school service.

From April 1937, Rühle worked in a commission that examined the allegations made against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow show trial . Between 1939 and 1943 he earned his living doing odd jobs such as postcard drawings under the pseudonym Carlos Timoneros. Rühle died of heart failure on June 24, 1943 at the age of 68. Alice Rühle-Gerstel committed suicide on the same day.

plant

His main focus was school and educational policy . In his book The Soul of the Proletarian Child (1925) he developed an early habitus theory from Alfred Adler's individual psychology with the help of the concept of proletarian protest masculinity. Along with Manès Sperber and Wilhelm Reich, he was one of those leftists who sought a connection between Marxism and psychology at an early stage .

See also : Exile literature

Fonts (selection)

  • The first bouquet. A song book. 1894.
  • From the younger days. A new songbook. 1896.
  • Trash and its fight on the part of the teacher. 1896.
  • Six years in a Saxon teacher training college . 3 parts, 1896.
  • The history of the North Pole journeys. 1897.
  • Schools without God. undated [1902].
  • The elementary school as it is. 1903, 1909.
  • The elementary school as it should be. 1903, 1911.
  • The Saxon primary school system. A summary of the school conditions in Saxony. 1904.
  • Work and education. An educational study. undated [1904].
  • Child misery. Proletarian images of the present. undated [1906].
  • Educating children about gender issues. 1907.
  • Breathing exercises. With numerous illustrations. 1909.
  • The proletarian child. A monograph. 1911, 1922.
  • Basic questions of education. 1912, 1923.
  • The proletarian child. Educational supplement. Breslau [u. a.] 1912-1915.
  • Interacting with children. Principles - hints - examples. undated [1913], 1924.
  • You and your child. Series of publications. Verlag Buchhandlung Görlitzer Volkszeitung, Görlitz 1914.
  • The sexual education of the child. 1914.
  • Child - alcohol and upbringing. undated [1914].
  • Education for socialism. A manifesto. 1919.
  • The Communists and Peace: Writings on Propaganda. undated [1919].
  • The USP peace. The peace treaty is signed. 1919.
  • The split in the KPD ( Spartakusbund ). 1919.
  • Keywords of the USP 1920.
  • Moscow and us. 1920.
  • Child and environment. A socio-educational study. 1920.
  • New children's area. A communist school and education program. 1920.
  • On the sexual ethics of communism. 1920.
  • The revolution is not a party matter. 1920.
  • Basic questions of organization. undated [1921].
  • About the March catastrophe of the German proletariat. (Reprint of the action), Verlag Die Aktion, Berlin-Wilmersdorf 1921. (with Franz Pfemfert , James Broh , Maximilian Harden )
  • The socialization of women. 1921, 1922.
  • From the bourgeois to the proletarian revolution. 1924.
  • On the other bank. Sheets for socialist education. Verlag Am andern Ufer, Dresden / Leipzig (1st year 1924 - 2nd year 1925) (Ed. By Otto Rühle and Alice Rühle-Gerstel)
  • The soul of the proletarian child. 1925.
  • Publication series of the Freethinker Verlag. Association of proletarian freethinkers (GpF), Leipzig-Lindenau: Publishing house proletarian freethinkers (1925).
  • The proletarian child. Monthly papers for proletarian education. Verlag Am andern Ufer, Dresden / Leipzig (1st year 1925 - 2nd year 1926).
  • The neglected child. 1926.
  • Difficult to raise children. A scripture sequence. Verlag Am other Ufer, Dresden 1926–1927.
  • The revolutions of Europe. Vols 1-3, 1927.
Part 2 was reissued in 1998 as: Otto Rühle: 1848 - Revolution in Germany . Unrast Verlag, Münster 1998, ISBN 3-928300-85-7 .
  • Karl Marx . Life and work. 1928.
  • Sexual Analysis. Psychology of love and married life. 1929.
  • Illustrated cultural and moral history of the proletariat. Volume 1. Neuer Deutscher Verlag, Berlin 1930, reprint: Verlag Neue Critique, Frankfurt am Main 1971, ISBN 3-8015-0100-0 .
  • Illustrated cultural and moral history of the proletariat. Volume 2. Focus-Verlag, Lahn-Gießen 1977 (preface by Henry Jacoby ), ISBN 3-920352-01-7 .
  • Imperialism in Mexico. Returns from a trip to Mexico. 1931 [published under the pseudonym Carl Steuermann] criticism.
  • World crisis - world change. Course on state capitalism . 1931 [published under the pseudonym Carl Steuermann].
  • The man on the run. 1932 [published under the pseudonym Carl Steuermann].
  • Building plans for a new company. 1971 (manuscript completed in 1935).
  • La escuela del trabajo. 1938.
  • The living thought of Karl Marx. 1939, 1949.
  • Writings: Perspectives of a Revolution in Highly Industrialized Countries. 1971 (manuscript completed: 1939 and 1940).
  • The struggle against fascism begins with the struggle against bolshevism. 1974.
  • Revolution and socialism (Révolution et socialisme). 1970.

as well as an estate with several unpublished manuscripts

Online editions

literature

  • Erwin Dorn, Horst Groschopp : Otto Rühle. Life and work. In: Communications from cultural studies research (MKF). 15th year, issue 30, Berlin 03.1992, pp. 282-320.
  • Uschi Eßbach-Kreutzer, Wolfgang Kreuzer: Solidarity and social revolution. Anti-authoritarian theories on political morality and collective emancipation. (= Publications of the psychological seminar of the TU Hannover ). European Publishing House, Frankfurt am Main / Cologne 1974.
  • Erhard Frommhold: A forgotten revolutionary. Otto Rühle. In: Sächsische Heimatblätter. Journal for Saxon history, monument preservation, nature and the environment. 43rd volume, No. 6, Dresden 1997, pp. 404-412.
  • Sebastian Franck [pseudonym of Henry Jacoby]: Sociology of Freedom. Otto Rühles conception of socialism. A memorial . Verlag AJ Schotola, Ulm / Donau 1951 [manuscript completed 1944].
  • Horst Groschopp: A turning point towards a new culture . Supplement to the photomechanical reprint of Otto Rühles Illustrated Culture and Moral History of the Proletariat . With a bibliography by Erwin Dorn. Unpublished manuscript 1987 [revised in 1988]
  • Ingrid Herbst: Otto Rühles Contribution to a Renewal of Marxism Attempt to present his political career, his theory and its reception in the Weimar Republic and after the Second World War . State examination work. University of Göttingen, doc. Annex 1979.
  • Friedrich-Georg Herrmann: Otto Rühle as a political theorist. Thesis. FU-Berlin, 1972. In: International scientific correspondence on the history of the German workers' movement (IWK). Issue 17, Berlin, 12.1972, part 1, pp. 16–60 and 01.1973, issue 18, part 2, pp. 23–50 and issue 3, 11.1975, p. 419.
  • Georg Friedrich Herrmann: Otto Rühle as a political theorist. (= Materials on the theory, practice and history of the left communists ). Verlag Jörg Ratgeb, o.O. 1981.
  • Henry Jacoby: From the Emperor's School to Hitler's Prison. A left-wing youth in the Weimar Republic . dipa Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1980.
  • Henry Jacoby: Get away. 10 years of exile 1936–1946. Prague - Paris - Montauban - New York - Washington. Experiences and encounters . Sendler Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1982.
  • Henry Jacoby, Ingrid Herbst: Otto Rühle for an introduction. (= SOAK introductions. No. 20). Junius Verlag, Hamburg 1985.
  • Ulla Keller: The Rühle Trial. A contribution to the biography of Otto Rühles, a pioneer for a democratic and socialist education . State examination thesis, PH Dresden 1970.
  • Diethart Kerbs:  Rühle, Karl Heinrich Otto. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 22, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-428-11203-2 , p. 217 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Wolfgang Kutz: The concept of education in Marxist individual psychology. Pedagogy with Manès Sperber, Otto Rühle and Alice Rühle-Gerstel as a contribution to the historiography of deep psychological education. (= Pedagogy. Volume 7). Dissertation University of Duisburg. Schallwig, Bochum 1991.
  • Kordula Langhof-Johnen-Bühler: Individual and Community. Alice Rühle-Gerstels and Otto Rühle's political pedagogy. In: Interventions. Berlin, 1991, No. 3, pp. 207-230.
  • Horst Maneck: Otto Rühles educational policy and pedagogical work from the turn of the century to 1916 . Dissertation, Dresden, Volume 1 and Document Attachment Volume 2, 1976.
  • Paul Mattick : Otto Rühle and the German labor movement. In: Otto Rühle: From the bourgeois to the proletarian revolution. To the discussion about a new labor movement . Library of Council Communists Volume 2. Institute for Practice and Theory of Council Communism (ed.). Blankertz Verlag, Berlin-Wilmersdorf 1970, pp. 78-105 [translation from English], also in: Paul Mattick: Spontaneität und Organization. Four attempts on practical and theoretical problems of the labor movement . Edition Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1975, pp. 7–39 [translation from English]
  • Gottfried Mergner: labor movement and intelligence . Werner Raith Verlag, Starnberg 1973
  • Jana Mikota: “The proletarian library. Alice Rühle-Gerstels and Otto Rühles contribution to a reading socialization of proletarian girls and boys in the 1920s ” (pdf; 439 kB) in: medaon.de, magazine for Jewish life in research and education.
  • Karl Plättner, Grünthaler: Rühle in the service of the counter-revolution. The East Saxon Sports Communist Cartel or The Revolutionary Class Struggle Party. (= Proletarian revolutionary pamphlet. No. 4). KAPD-Verlag, Hettstedt (Südharz) undated [1920].
  • Jan [-Carl] Raspe: To analyze some important aspects of the socialization conditions of proletarian children . Diploma thesis, FU Berlin, Sociological Institute 1970.
  • Jan [-Carl] Raspe: On the socialization of proletarian children . Roter Stern publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1972.
  • Klaus Ravenberg: Otto Rühle (1874–1933) . Inventory list of his estate in the Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis (IISG) Amsterdam. A total of 370 documents from the period from 1933 to 1944. Self-printed, Amsterdam.
  • Klaus Ravenberg: Otto Rühle (1874–1943). Socio-educational theory building and criticism of “authoritarian people” . Münster University of Applied Sciences, Department of Social Work, Münster November 1999, Volume 1: Diploma thesis, and Volume 2: Document attachment and bibliography
  • Nikolaus Richartz: The pedagogy of the "child friends". Theory and practice of social democratic educational work in Austria and the Weimar Republic. (= Series of publications from the Archives of the Workers' Youth Movement. 5). Socialist Youth of Germany - The Falcons (Ed.). Beltz Verlag, Weinheim / Basel 1981.
  • Hans-Joachim Schille, Gerd Stecklina: Annotated bibliography of the publications found so far by Otto Rühle (1874–1943) . Technical University Dresden; Institute for Social Pedagogy and Social Work, Dresden 1998.
  • Bernd Schneider: Alice Rühle-Gerstel and Otto Rühle: An attempt at a synthesis of Marxism and psychology . Thesis. Free University of Berlin 1980.
  • Gerd Stecklina: Otto Rühle and social education. A biographical and social science approach . Inaugural dissertation. TU Dresden, Faculty of Education 2002. (nbn-resolving.de)
  • Gerd Stecklina, Joachim Schille (ed.): Otto Rühle. Life and Work (1874–1943) . Juventa Verlag, Weinheim and Munich 2003.
  • Heiko Wessel: Otto Rühle (1874-1943). "Social pedagogue" and "Council socialist". In: Ferdinand Brandecker u. a .: Classics of socialist education: Kurt Löwenstein, Otto Felix Kanitz, Edwin Hoernle, Otto Rühle, Anna Siemsen . Socialist Youth of Germany - The Falcons (Ed.). Verlag Helmut Orzekowsky, Bonn 1989, pp. 97-107.
  • Elsbeth Würzer Schoch: Otto Rühle and Siegfried Bernfeld. A comparative presentation of two educators, their different psychological and sociological foundations and their educational relevance. Dissertation. University of Zurich, Philosophical Faculty, Zurich 1995.
  • Regine Zurhorst: The Marxist direction of individual psychology and its representative Otto Rühle. In: Learning to live together. 1st year, Issue 1, Berlin 1976, pp. 24-29.
  • Rühle, Otto . In: Hermann Weber , Andreas Herbst : German Communists. Biographisches Handbuch 1918 to 1945. 2nd, revised and greatly expanded edition. Dietz, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-320-02130-6 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Margarete Buber-Neumann : Milena, Kafka's friend. 4th edition. Langen Müller, Munich 2000, p. 120.
  2. ↑ Otto Rühle was first married to Johanna Erna Henrika Zacharias (1878–1920), with whom he had a daughter, Margarethe (born 1903), s. Gerd Stecklina : Otto Rühle and social education. Dissertation. TU Dresden, 2002, pp. 27/28. (tud.qucosa.de)
  3. ^ Günter Wiemann: Hans Löhr and Hans Koch - political walks , Vitamine-Verlag, Braunschweig, 2011, ISBN 978-3-00-033763-5 , p. 112
personal data
SURNAME Rühle, Otto
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Rühle, Karl Heinrich Otto (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German writer and politician (SPD, KAPD, KPD), MdR
DATE OF BIRTH October 23, 1874
PLACE OF BIRTH Großvoigtsberg near Freiberg
DATE OF DEATH June 24, 1943
Place of death Mexico city