Sawfly wasps

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Sawfly wasps
Larvae of the pear leaf wasp (Neurotoma flaviventris)

Larvae of the pear leaf wasp ( Neurotoma flaviventris )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Subordination : Plant Wasps (Symphyta)
Superfamily : Megalodontesoidea
Family : Sawfly wasps
Scientific name
Pamphiliidae
Cameron , 1890
Larvae of the pear leaf wasp in their web.

The family of the fibrous sawfly (Pamphiliidae) belongs to the subordination of the plant wasps (Symphyta). The family includes about 300 species, of which 60 occur in Europe, two thirds of all species are known from East Asia. All species live within the Holarctic .

features

The animals have a relatively large head. The long antennae are thread-shaped and consist of 18 to 36 segments. The mandibles are noticeably large and strong. The thorax is in three parts; the first segment, the prothorax, is only very slightly bulged at the rear edge, the mesothorax is large and strongly developed, the metathorax is significantly smaller. The wings are large and richly veined. The abdomen is clearly flattened and broad, the tergites are laterally keeled; the first two divided in the middle. The ovipositor of the ♀ is very short and barely protrudes beyond the end of the abdomen, the male genitalia are Orthandrish (not twisted as in most other plant wasp groups). Many species are drawn in high contrasts, some are strikingly brightly colored. The main flight time of most species in Central Europe is May; the animals are fast fliers.

The larvae have poorly developed thoracic legs , their abdominal legs are completely absent. They have seven-part antennae.

Way of life

The females lay their eggs individually or in groups on the fodder plants, for this purpose a small cut is made on which the eggs are laid.

Like most other plant wasps, the phytophagous larvae live on the leaves of deciduous or coniferous trees. In some species, the larvae live gregariously in webs spun together, in which feces accumulate as development progresses, which is why they are sometimes referred to as Kotsack sawfly . In most species, however, the larvae live alone.

The larvae from the subfamily Cephalciinae live exclusively on conifers from the group of pine plants . Some species can cause damage in forestry (selection). It is striking that some species prefer certain age stages or altitude zones of their food plants; the pine-spotted sawfly ( Acantholyda erythrocephala ) is only regularly found on young pine trees up to about 3 m high.

The larvae from the subfamily Pamphiliinae live on Bedecktsamern , especially from the families rose , birch and willow plants . In addition to Walter Stritt, many other authors (selection) have contributed to the elucidation of the way of life of the species of the genus Pamphilius . The solitary larvae cut the leaves of their food plants into strips and wind them up into living tubes or bags that they hold in place with threads of thread. Such tubes are e.g. Often found, for example, on the aspen - far more often than the associated adults can usually be found.

The pear-leaf wasp , Neurotoma saltuum , which is sometimes referred to as a "pest" due to its peculiar way of life, is usually very rare. This is also true of most other species. However, there are increasing indications that the alleged "rarity" of some European species is an observation artifact due to their way of life in high tree tops. Pamphilius silvaticus , one of the few more common species of the genus, has also been mentioned as a pest .

The pupation not find in a cocoon place, but in the ground where the animals even winter.

Genera and species

The genera and species can be determined with Viitasaari, M. (2002).

credentials

  1. ↑ Pamphiliidae. Fauna Europaea, accessed May 20, 2007 .
  2. ↑ Shinohara, A. (2004): Leaf-rolling Sawflies of the Subfamily Pamphiliinae (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) in Eastern Asia: A Preliminary Review. IN: Akiyama, S. & et al., 2004: Proceedings of the 5th and 6th Symposia on Collection Building and Natural History - 24, 255-272
  3. ↑ Viitasaari, M. (2002): The Northern European taxa of Pamphiliidae (Hymenoptera). IN: Viitasaari, M .; (Ed.) 2002: Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. - Tremex Press, pp. 235-358
  4. ^ Benson, RB (1951): Hymenoptera. Part 2a, Symphyta: Xyelidae, Pamphiidae, Megalodontidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Cephidae etc. - Handb. Ident. Brit. Insects 6, 1-49, London: p.9
  5. ↑ Boas, JEV (1934): A serious attack by Lyda arvensis tanks. - Journal for Applied Entomology 20 (1933), 268-280, Berlin
  6. ↑ Goossen, H. (1953): Combating the steel-blue pine-spun leaf wasp (Acantholyda erythrocephala L.). - Mitt. Biol. Zentralanst. Land u. Forstw. Berlin 75, 146-151, Berlin
  7. ↑ Hellrigl, K. (1996): Forest-damaging pine sawfly in South Tyrol (Hym., Symphyta, Pamphiliidae, Diprionidae). Egg laying, diapause behavior, voltinism - script no. scientific student, state dept. Forestry Autonomous Prov. Bozen-Südtirol 3, 1-88, Bozen
  8. ↑ Jahn, E. (1967): About a mass increase of the steel-blue pine-leaf wasp, Acantholyda erythrocephala Chr. Im Steinfeld, Lower Austria, 1964-1967. - Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde 40, 145-152, Vienna
  9. ↑ Jahn, E. (1976): The Spruce Leaf Wasp, Cephalcia abietis L., as a dangerous pest of stocks and cultures in Upper Austria. - No. Pest control Plant sh. Environmental 49, 145-149
  10. ^ Stritt, W. (1934): A previously unknown sawfly larva ( Pamphilius neglectus Zadd.) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinoidea). - Communications from the German Entomological Society 5, 20-22, Berlin
  11. ↑ Stritt, W. (1934): Two further previously unknown larvae of the sawfly genus Pamphilius Latr. - German Entomological Journal [1934], 334-336, Berlin
  12. ^ Stritt, W. (1935): Contributions to the biology of the sawfly genus Pamphilius Latr. - Ratio natural Ver. Karlsruhe 31 (1927-35), 137-153, Karlsruhe
  13. ↑ Stritt, W. (1937): The larva of Pamphilius marginatus Lep. - Communications from the German Entomological Society 8, 20-22, Berlin
  14. ^ Stritt, W. (1951): The biology of the sawfly Pamphilius aurantiacus Gir. (Hym., Symph.). - Contributions to natural history research in Southwest Germany 10, 137-141, Karlsruhe
  15. ↑ Chambers, VH (1952): A natural history of some Pamphilius species (Hym., Pamphiliidae). - Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 11, 125-140, London
  16. ↑ Kangas, E., Kangas, J. (1965): Further biological observations and new description of the larva of Pamphilius albopictus Thoms. (Hym., Pamph.). - Annales Entomologici Fennici 31, 31-37, Helsinki
  17. ↑ Blommers, LHM (1994): Een kweek van de perespinselbladwesp Neurotoma saltuum (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). - Ent. Reports 54, 7-10
  18. ↑ Jansen, E. (1984): A rare leaf wasp from the Bühler valley near Tübingen: Onycholyda kervillei (Hym., Pamph.). - Publication of nature conservation, landscape maintenance Bad.-Württ., 57/58, 91-92
  19. ↑ Zirngiebl, L. (1940): Pamphilius silvaticus L., a fruit tree pest. - Rat. Naturhist. Med. Ver. Heidelberg 18, 207-222, Heidelberg
  20. ^ Achterberg, C. van, Aartsen, BV (1986): The European Pamphiliidae (Hym., Symph.) With special reference to the Netherlands. - Zool. Negotiating Leiden, 234, 1-98

literature

Web links

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