Pangram
A pangram (from pan gramma πᾶν γράμμα ) or holoalphabetic sentence is a sentence that contains all the letters of the alphabet .
As real pangrams be described in which each letter appears exactly once, so the same isograms are. Real pangrams with the 26 Latin letters are very difficult to achieve because they only contain five (or with Y six) vowels. There is no language for which one is known that consists only of words of actual usage without abbreviations.
Originally, pangrams were just a mathematical gimmick. With the advent coded text transmission in the twentieth century they became a common tool for testing the equipment used (eg. As telex , typewriters , keyboards , word processor , printer ). Pangrams that matched the character set used in the system (e.g. with / without umlauts, with / without capital letters) had to be selected. Modern digital communication systems do such tests automatically. Since then, pangrams have mainly been used as dummy text and to display fonts .
To a certain extent a contrast to the pangram are Leipograms . The point here is not to use one or more letters in a text at all, if possible while maintaining the correct spelling .
Language examples
German
A pangram that is often used in the German language is the sentence "Franz is chasing across Bavaria in a completely neglected taxi", which contains neither umlauts nor the Eszett . A common pangram without this deficiency is the phrase "Twelve boxers chase Viktor across the great Sylt dike" (54 letters).
The additional vowels Ä, Ö and Ü make it easier in German to construct real pangrams with special letters in which no letter appears twice in 29 letters (or 30 with ß). In 1981 the GDR published:
- Vogt Nyx: “You have to pay for twelve Qirsch, Kämpe!” (“Qirsch” is an Arabic word for piasters , which is not in the Duden dictionary).
- Serve desolate yoke, fight agony, force Styx! ("Öd '", however, with omissions for letters left out).
In 2003 a third was posted on a newsgroup :
- “Fix, Schwyz!” Jürgen squeals stupidly from the passport. ( Schwyz is a Swiss place whose team or the like is cheered on here, pass a passage in the mountains, but only valid according to the old spelling ).
In some typewriter learning courses (to learn the ten-finger system ) these sentences are used, as well as the following: "The hot Cyprus sun tormented Max and Victoria badly on the way to the coast."
For the test by telex of pangram-like was previously set "buy them every week four good comfortable furs xy 1234567890" as "Buy-loop" in the telex network under a special phone number available (In the telex alphabet there are no umlauts and no ß).
List of German pangrams
Pangrams without umlauts and ß :
- Vogel Quax pinches Johny's horse Bim. (29 letters)
- Sylvia almost dares the joke at Pforzheim. (33 letters)
- Full of whiskey, Quax broke the jet. (35 letters)
- Every brave Bavarian comfortably devours two pounds of veal knuckles. (49 letters)
- Franz hunts in completely dilapidated taxi across Bavaria. (51 letters)
- At every clever word from Socrates, Xanthippe cried cynically: Nonsense! (56 letters)
- Stanley's expedition across Africa is admired by everyone. (62 letters)
Pangrams with äöü , but without ß ( Swiss spelling ):
- Schwyz's vamp squeaks quickly. (29 letters)
- “Yes!” Squeaks Schwyz's mob in front of Gmünd. (29 letters)
- Schwyz 'vamp squawks boringly: "Fix, praise Jürgen!" (29 letters)
- Does Schwyz 'vamp think "Fix, torment Jörg"? (29 letters)
- “Fix, Schwyz!” Jürgen squeals stupidly from the passport. (30 letters, old spelling)
- Vamp squeals: Greetings to Felix or Jody! (30 letters, with abbreviation)
- Joke guy ate shabbily in front of a twelve square kilometer dune. (30 letters, with abbreviation)
- Jörg bakes two knuckle feet from the wild pony. (38 letters)
- Twelve lax guys smoke suspiciously sweet objects. (42 letters)
- Practicing the xylophone and the flute is useful. (42 letters)
- The typographer Jakob is angry with sweat from the dreary text. (43 letters)
- Typically nasty hangovers would torment birds just for fun. (44 letters)
- Dad's lap dog chases twelve boxers across Sylt. (45 letters)
- Improper practice of xylophone music torments every taller dwarf. (51 letters)
- Victor chases twelve boxers across the great Sylt dike. (53 letters)
- Chirping polyphonic, Max's birds ate beets, yoghurt and quark. (55 letters)
- Tormented beyond measure by the Oedipus complex, Wilfried practices cyclical yodeling. (56 letters)
- Xaver writes excruciatingly long for Wikipedia about yoga, soy and eco for fun. (61 letters)
- The hot Cyprus sun tormented Max and Victoria badly on the way to the coast. (65 letters)
- Angry and tormented, the pontiff and the people reprimand the excessive episcopal hubris. (71 letters)
English
The sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" ( The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog ) with 35 letters is a coherent and short pangram the English alphabet. It is the most frequently used test for typewriters and keyboards and was described in 1988 by the ITU-T in three different English-language versions as a test text in Recommendation R.52. Also, "Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz" ( Jackdaws love my big quartz Sphinx ) with 31 letters is often used as "Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs" ( Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs ) with 32 letters.
- "Sphinx of black quartz judge my vow." (29 letters)
- "The five boxing wizards jump quickly." (31 letters)
- "Five quacking Zephyrs jolt my wax bed." (31 letters)
- "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." (35 letters)
- "Heavy boxes perform quick waltzes and jigs." (36 letters)
- "A quick movement of the enemy will jeopardize six gunboats." (49 letters)
French
The French test text mentioned by the ITU-T reads “Voyez le brick géant que j'examine près du wharf” (“Only see the giant brig that I examine near the quay ”), also in three variants. "Portez ce vieux whiskey au juge blond qui fume" ("Carry this old whiskey to the blond smoking judge") with 37 letters is also common. A sentence that also includes all French special characters (including the extremely rare æ, ü and ÿ) is "Dès Noël où un zéphyr haï me vêt de glaçons würmiens, je dîne d'exquis rôtis de bœuf au kir à l ' Aÿ d'âge mûr & cætera! "(" Since Christmas, as a hateful Zephyr me würmzeitlichen clothed ice cubes, I dine delicious roast beef with aged Ay -Champagner- Kir and so on! ").
Russian
The most common pangram in Russian is: "Съешь ещё этих мягких французских булок, да выпей чаю" (something like "Eat more of these soft French rolls and drink a tea.") It is often used for the representation of the font Sentence missing the Russian letter "ж". There is a variant with a similar meaning, in which the "ж" occurs ("Съешь ещё этих мягких французских булок, да выпей же чаю"), and other pan-grammes that contain all 33 letters, such as B. "Эй, жлоб! Где туз? Прячь юных съёмщиц в шкаф ”(“ Hey, you scoundrel, where's the ace? Hide the young tenants in the closet! ”).
Polish
- Stróż pchnął kość w quiz gędźb vel fax myjń. (35 letters)
= The guard pushed the bone into the quiz of music vel fax of laundry. - Pchnąć w tę łódź jeża lub ośm skrzyń fig. (32 letters: a – z without q, v, x, as well as the nine special characters ą, ć, ę, ł, ń, ó, ś, ź and ż)
= Slide a hedgehog or eight boxes of figs into this boat. - W niżach mógł zjeść truflę koń bądź psy. (32 letters)
= In the lowlands he could eat a truffle, a horse or a dog. - Zażółć gęślą jaźń (15 letters) is the shortest known pangram regarding only the special characters of the Polish writing language.
Slovenian
- V kožuščku hudobnega fanta stopiclja mizar in kliče. ( In the fur of a bad boy, a carpenter trips and calls )
Czech
- Nechť již hříšné saxofony ďáblů rozezvučí síň úděsnými tóny waltzu, tanga a quickstepu. (All letters with and without diacritics , some several times.)
= May the devil's sinful saxophones make the hall sound with terrible tones of waltz, tango and quickstep.
Latin
- Duc, Zephyre exsurgens, durum cum flatibus aequor. (hexametric; without k and w, since these letters are not used in Latin; without j and v, since these letters are identical in Latin with i and u) (41 letters)
- Adnexique globum Zypheri freta kana secabant. (hexametric; with k, without j, v and w) (39 letters)
Hungarian
The most widespread pangram in Hungarian that includes all letters with an accent is: "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép" ("Flood drilling machine")
Others
Pangrams are also available for other languages and scripts, for example Japanese Iroha , a poem that contains all the syllables of Japanese hiragana at the time it was written.
In IT applications
Pangrams are often used as sample texts to show and compare different fonts . In Windows XP (English) and Windows Vista (English) the built-in font display (“Font Viewer”) shows one of the sentences “ The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog ” depending on the properties of the font to be displayed. 0123456789 ”or“ Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz. 0123456789 ”. In non-English versions of XP and Vista, the first sentence is localized (in German, for example, as “Franz is chasing across Bavaria in a completely neglected taxi. 0123456789”, in French as “ Voix ambiguë d'un cœur qui au zéphyr préfère les jattes de kiwis. 0123456789 »), the second, however, not.
Depending on the language setting in Microsoft Word , =rand()different panes are generated by typing out and pressing the Enter key. Is in the brackets in addition a number set, the phrase will be displayed as often, so =rand(n). By default, i.e. without a number, the text is displayed five times. With the notation =rand(n,m), the number of displays within a line can be specified with one parameter and the number of lines to be output with the other. From Word 2007 onwards, the pan-gram must be =rand.old()entered; if you enter =rand(), an extract from the help is displayed, divided into three paragraphs.
The KDE graphical user interface uses the pangram "Incorrect practice of xylophone music torments every taller dwarf" as a font pattern.
Self-documenting pangrams
A self-documenting or self-describing pangram is a pangram that lists its own letter frequencies. The first English sentence of this kind is from Lee Sallows in 1983:
This pangram lists four a's, one b, one c, two d's, twenty-nine e's, eight f's, three g's, five h's, eleven i's, one j, one k, three l's, two m's, twenty-two n's, fifteen o's, two p's, one q, seven r's, twenty-six s's, nineteen t's, four u's, five v's, nine w's, two x's, four y's, and one z.
Probably the first German self-documenting pangram was published in 1997:
This set consists of eight A, six B, six C, seven D, forty-five E, eight F, four G, nine H, twenty-five I, one J, one K, two L, eleven M, twenty-eight N, one O, one P, one Q, seven R, thirteen S, seven T, seven U, five V, four W, one X, one Y, ten Z, one Ä, one Ö, four Ü and one ß.
Trivia
In the novel Ella Minnow Pea by Mark Dunns (2002) the pangram “ The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog ” plays a decisive role: In a fictional state, Nollops, the fictional finder of this pangram, is gradually dissolving at the monument Letters, after which the use of the corresponding letters is prohibited (see also Leipogramm ).
literature
- Mark Dunn: Ella Minnow Pea. A novel in letters. Anchor Books, New York 2002, ISBN 0-385-72243-5 . German Edition: Nollops Legacy. [A lipogram in the form of a letter novel, slowly snapping over the top]. Marebuch, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-936384-91-6 .
Web links
- More pangrams at German Language - Questions and Answers
Individual evidence
- ↑ German FAQL on Panograms
- ↑ ITU-T: R.52: Standardization of international texts for the measurement of the margin of start-stop equipment
- ↑ blogs.msdn.com ( Memento from January 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ blogs.msdn.com ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Inserting sample text into a Word document. Microsoft, May 26, 2017, accessed November 2, 2017 .
- ↑ Self-enumerating pangrams - A logo logical history
- ↑ Autograms: Self-enumerating Sentences
