Parapoynx stratiotata
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| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
Parapoynx stratiotata occasionally in the German Wasseraloe called -Zünsler, is a butterfly from the family of Crambidae . The species is widespread across Europe.
features
The moths reach a wingspan of 17 to 23 millimeters for the males and 20 to 27 millimeters for the females. The color of the forewings is variable, the color spectrum ranges from whitish brown to brown and occasionally to blackish brown. In the Mediterranean , the moths are smaller and darker in summer. The middle field is very pale, especially in the males the inner edge is very indistinct. The discocellular spot is outlined in brown and has a pale center. The submarginal area has the same coloration as the other areas of the forewing. The middle field is bordered towards the outer edge of the wing, the submarginal area is bordered white in the males towards the base and more or less reduced in the females. The hind wings are white and drawn with a blackish distal line, on the inside of which there is a weak proximal line in close proximity. The submarginal area is brownish. At the base of the fringed scales there are widely spaced, dark spots.
In the males, the gnathos is long and narrow and not provided with teeth. The blades are narrow and have no special features. They widen slightly distally and have a few bristles in the middle. The rear edge is slightly concave in the middle. The juxta is egg-shaped. The phallus is filigree and without any special features, the ejaculatory bulb ends in the basal third.
In females, the oviscapter is relatively long. The apophyses anteriores are shorter than the apophyses posteriores. The colliculum is narrow. The signum consists of two short, parallel and very narrow ridges that are surrounded by a weakly sclerotized area.
The caterpillar is yellowish translucent and has a different number of whitish tracheal gills depending on the caterpillar stage . The digestive tract is visible. The hook wreaths of the abdominal bones have a single row biordinal-circular shape.
The pupa is yellowish. Immediately before hatching, the wings turn dark gray-brown, then the dark disco-cellular spot and the eyes become visible.
distribution
The species is widespread in Europe and Asia. They can be found from Spain to the Far East . In Europe, the distribution area extends in the north to the British Isles including Ireland and in the south to Sardinia , Sicily and Greece . The species is also found in North Africa , Lebanon , Turkey , Azerbaijan , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan and China .
biology
The oligophageous caterpillars are very active and live fairly deep in the water in tubular webs made from parts of water plants that are woven together. Occasionally they leave this loose web to fan oxygen-rich water with oscillating movements of the front body. The main food crop is Myriophyllum spicatum ( Myriophyllum spicatum ), besides also are in the literature waterweed ( Elodea ), crab claw ( Stratiotes aloides ), Ceratophyllum demersum ( Ceratophyllum demersum ), marsh water star ( Callitriche palustris ), water chestnut ( Trapa natans ), Krause Pondweed ( Potamogeton crispus ), hydrocharis , white water lily ( Nymphaea alba ), common frog spoon ( Alisma plantago-aquatica ) and whorled milfoil ( Myriophyllum verticillatum ). The caterpillar overwinters. To pupate , it spins a whitish, dense cocoon . This is filled with air and attached to a stem of the host plant. When hatching, the moths leave fine, hairy scales on the surface of the water. The flight time extends from May to September, in climatically favorable regions probably at least two generations are formed per year.
Systematics
Leraut examined larger rows of butterflies from North Africa and Europe and found that the genitals of both sexes are de facto identical. As a result, the formation of smaller signs on the bursa in females is variable within certain populations and cannot be used as a distinguishing feature. The moths from Morocco , like those from Turkey, are generally darker (especially the females). Such forms are also found in Europe. The only constant feature in Moroccan specimens is the doubling of the transverse line on the hind wing. Leraut therefore downgraded Parapoynx maroccana to a subspecies. The taxon P. andalusica Speidel, 1982 cannot be distinguished from this subspecies and has therefore been synonymous.
The following subspecies are known from the literature:
- Parapoynx stratiotata stratiotata ( Linnaeus , 1758)
- Parapoynx stratiotata maroccana Speidel , 1982
The following synonyms are known from the literature :
- Phalaena Geometra stratiotata Linnaeus , 1758
- Phalaena Pyralis stratiotalis [Denis & Schiffermüller] , 1775
- Phalaena stratiotes Retzius , in de Geer , 1783
- Phalaena stratiolata Fourcroy , 1785
- Phalaena paludata Fabricius , 1794
- Scopula paludalis cabinet , 1802
- Pyralis stratiolatis Haworth , 1802
- Nymphula stratiotata. fasciata pond , 1908
- Nymphula stratiotata. nigrata Krulikovsky , 1909
- Nymphula stratiotata ssp. amanica Osthelder , 1935
- Nymphula stratiotata population uralica Caradja , 1937, in Caradja & Meyrick , 1936–1937
- Parapoynx strationata Ganev , 1982
- Parapoynx andalusica Speidel , 1982
supporting documents
- ↑ a b c Patrice Leraut: Zygaenids, Pyralids 1 . In: Moths of Europe . 1st edition. Volume III. NAP Editions, 2012, ISBN 978-2-913688-15-5 , pp. 129 (English).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Barry Goater, Matthias Nuss, Wolfgang Speidel: Pyraloidea I (Crambidae, Acentropinae, Evergestinae, Heliothelinae, Schoenobiinae, Scopariinae) . In: P. Huemer, O. Karsholt, L. Lyneborg (eds.): Microlepidoptera of Europe . 1st edition. tape 4 . Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2005, ISBN 87-88757-33-1 , pp. 58 (English).
- ↑ Karl Traugott Schütze: The biology of the small butterflies with special consideration of their nutrient plants and times of appearance. Handbook of Microlepidoptera. Caterpillar calendar arranged according to the illustrated German Flora by H. Wagner. Frankfurt am Main, publishing house of the International Entomological Association e. V., 1931, p. 192
- ↑ Parapoynx stratiotata in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved January 13, 2013
- ↑ Global Information System on Pyraloidea (GlobIZ). Retrieved January 13, 2013 .
