Pariana

Pariana
Systematics
Order :	Sweet grass (Poales)
Family :	Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily :	Bamboo (Bambusoideae)
Tribe :	Olyreae
Sub tribus :	Parianinae
Genre :	Pariana
Scientific name
	Pariana
	Aublet

Pariana is a genus from the tribe of Olyreae , the non-woody bamboo species . The range of the species is in Central and South America. Unlike many other grasses, the species are pollinated by insects and ants could contribute to the spread of the fruit.

description

The representatives of the genus are small to strong, clump- forming bamboo plants that develop rhizomes and / or stolons . The stalks grow upright to lying. There are species with single stalks and inflorescences that grow terminally on leafy stalks, and species with bifurcated stalks and inflorescences that are formed on a (in Pariana parvispica very short) shoot with rudimentary leaves. The leaf sheaths often show a pair of small, elongated, blister-like swellings ("moon spots") and are often covered with clearly protruding eyelashes on thickened calluses . The leaf blades are linear-lanceolate to broadly ovate.

The compound inflorescences grow terminally and consists of a large number of whorls of usually five, rarely four or six stalked male spikelets , which surround and enclose a sessile female spikelet and a cup-shaped internode of the inflorescence axis. The internodes contain oil in one species, possibly several or all species. The female spikelets have equal, membranous, keeled and mostly one-nerved glumes . The florets are slightly shorter than the glumes. Three or more cavernous bodies are formed. The two stigmas are pinnate or, in Pariana lanceolata and Pariana parvispica, bristly. Male spikelets have a broad, clearly flattened, corky or thickened stalk that can be shorter, the same length or longer than the florets. In Pariana lanceolata and Pariana parvispica it is even significantly longer. Stems of neighboring spikelets may have grown together at the edges. The glumes of male spikelets are equal, erect, narrow to broadly triangular and multi-veined. The florets are ovate to narrowly elliptical, pointed or blunt and flattened on the back. The lemma is membranous and multi-veined. The palea is similar to the lemma. Two or three cavernous bodies are formed, but cavernous bodies can also be missing. Six to 40 stamens are formed per flower, with the exception of Pariana parvispica with only two stamens. The stamens are fused near the base, the anthers are often very large, yellow and conspicuous. In Pariana lanceolata and Pariana parvispica they are only indistinctly developed. When fruits are caryopses with linealischem, verlaufendem over the entire length hilum formed.

Distribution and ecology

The natural distribution area of the species of the genus extends from Costa Rica and Trinidad to the Amazon area of Bolivia and Brazil ( Bahia ). The species usually grow in shady locations in humid lowland forests, which are also often periodically flooded ( Várzea ), less often in mountain forests at altitudes of up to 1500 meters. The numerous conspicuous anthers are an adaptation to the pollination by insects from the family of the humpback flies (Phoridae) and the gall midges (Cecidomyiidae). The inflorescences give off a honey-like odor. At least Pariana argentea forms inflorescences with swollen internodes at the base of the spikelets that contain oil, likely an elaiosome to attract ants. Some species grow very densely in the undergrowth of the forests and bloom at irregular intervals, which suggests that these are hapaxanthic plants that die after blooming.

Systematics and research history

Pariana is a genus from the tribe Olyreae , the non-woody species from the subfamily bamboo (Bambusoideae), family sweet grasses (Poaceae). There it is assigned to the sub-tribus Parianinae. The genus was established by Jean Aublet in 1775 . Taxonomy of the genus is extremely difficult and boundaries between species are difficult to draw. It is likely that the species list will change and that some species will turn out to be invalid. The reason for this is the great variability of the species between widely separated areas such as Panama and Peru. The number, size, shape and texture of the leaves vary, as does the color of the tissue beneath the surface, which can be very different (green, bluish, silvery or reddish). There is similar variability in the size and structure of male spikelets, a characteristic that has been used frequently to distinguish species.

The following species are assigned to the genus:

Pariana argentea Hollowell & Davidse : Panama.
Pariana aurita Swallen : Peru.
Pariana bicolor Tutin : Peru to Bolivia and northern Brazil.
Pariana campestris Aubl. : Tropical South America.
Pariana concinna Tutin : Northern Brazil.
Pariana distans Swallen : Brazil.
Pariana ecuadorensis Pilg. : Eastern Ecuador to Northern Brazil.
Pariana gleasonii Hitchc. : Guiana to northern Brazil.
Pariana gracilis Döll : Bolivia to Peru and northern Brazil.
Pariana imberbis Nees : Northern Brazil.
Pariana intermedia Döll : Northern Brazil.
Pariana interrupta Tutin : Northern Brazil.
Pariana ligulata Swallen : Brazil.
Pariana lunata Nees : Brazil.
Pariana maynensis Huber : Panama to northern Brazil.
Pariana modesta Swallen : Brazil.
Pariana multiflora R.P. Oliveira, Longhi-Wagner & Hollowell : Brazil.
Pariana nervata Swallen : Brazil.
Pariana obtusa Swallen : Southern Venezuela, northern Peru to Bolivia.
Pariana ovalifolia Swallen : Brazil.
Pariana pallida Swallen : Venezuela to northern Brazil.
Pariana parvispica R.W. Pohl : Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Pariana radiciflora Sagot ex Döll (Syn .: Pariana zingiberina Rich. Ex Döll :): Tropical South America.
Pariana setosa Swallen : Southern Colombia and Ecuador.
Pariana simulans Tutin : Panama to northern Brazil.
Pariana sociata Swallen : Northern Brazil.
Pariana stenolemma Tutin : Brazil.
Pariana strigosa Swallen : Panama.
Pariana swallenii R.C.Foster : Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru.
Pariana tenuis Tutin : Colombia to northern Brazil.
Pariana trichosticha Tutin : Panama to northern Peru and northern Brazil.
Pariana ulei Pilg. : Panama to tropical South America.
Pariana velutina Swallen : Peru to northern Brazil.
Pariana violascens Swallen : Venezuela to Brazil.
Pariana vulgaris Tutin : Northern Brazil.

The following are no longer included in this category:

Pariana carvalhoi R.P.Oliveira & Longhi-Wagner => Parianella carvalhoi (RPOliveira & Longhi-Wagner) FMFerreira & RPOliveira
Pariana lanceolata Trin. => Parianella lanceolata (Trin.) FMFerreira & RPOliveira

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Judziewicz et al .: American Bamboos , p. 294.
↑ ^a ^b Judziewicz et al .: American Bamboos , p. 297.
↑ Judziewicz et al .: American Bamboos , S. 298, 299th
Jump up ↑ Bamboo Phylogeny Group: An Updated Tribal and Subtribal Classification of the Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) , The Journal of the American Bamboo Society, 2012, p. 9.
↑ Pariana . In: The International Plant Name Index. Accessed February 21, 2015 (English).
↑ Judziewicz et al .: American Bamboos , S. 298th
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Pariana. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 24, 2018.

literature

Emmet J. Judziewicz, Lynn G. Clark, Ximena Londoño, Margaret J. Stern: American Bamboos . Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London 1999, ISBN 1-56098-569-0 , pp. 294-299 .
Bamboo Phylogeny Group: An Updated Tribal and Subtribal Classification of the Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) . In: The Journal of the American Bamboo Society . tape 24 , no. 1 , 2012, ISSN 0197-3789 , p. 1–10 ( from bamboo.org [PDF; accessed January 17, 2015]).

Web links

WD Clayton, M. Vorontsova, KT Harman, H. Williamson: Pariana. In: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed February 21, 2015 .

[American294-1] Judziewicz et al .: American Bamboos , p. 294.

[American297-2] Judziewicz et al .: American Bamboos , p. 297.

[American299-3] Judziewicz et al .: American Bamboos , S. 298, 299th

[BPG9-4] Jump up ↑ Bamboo Phylogeny Group: An Updated Tribal and Subtribal Classification of the Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) , The Journal of the American Bamboo Society, 2012, p. 9.

[IPNI-5] Pariana . In: The International Plant Name Index. Accessed February 21, 2015 (English).

[American298-6] Judziewicz et al .: American Bamboos , S. 298th

[WCSP-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Pariana. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 24, 2018.