Pemoline

Structural formula
	( R ) -Pemoline (top) and ( S ) -Pemoline (bottom)
General
Non-proprietary name	Pemoline
other names	( RS ) -2-Amino-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-4-one ( IUPAC )
Molecular formula	C 9 H 8 N 2 O 2
External identifiers / databases
EC number	218-438-8
ECHA InfoCard	100.016.763
PubChem	4723
DrugBank	DB01230
Wikidata	Q419008
Drug information
ATC code	N06 BA05
Drug class	stimulant
properties
Molar mass	176.17 g · mol -1
Physical state	firmly
Melting point	256-257 ° C
solubility	practically insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol
safety instructions
	Please note the exemption from the labeling requirement for drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, food and animal feed
GHS labeling of hazardous substances Caution
H and P phrases	H: 302-312-332
	P: ?
Toxicological data	436 mg kg −1 ( LD 50 , rat , oral )
	As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Pemoline is a drug with a stimulating effect . The substance belongs to the group of oxazolidinones and has properties similar to methylphenidate .

Pemoline was on the market in Germany for over 50 years. Initially used to treat poor performance and drive, e.g. For example, during menopause, depression, epileptic seizures and other diseases of the nervous system, pemoline was recently only approved as a reserve drug for the treatment of ADHD .

After the risk of hepatotoxicity became known, the British authorities withdrew the approval in 1997. The FDA initially restricted the indication and the BfArM reassessed the risk profile. After repeated occurrences of acute liver failure, the manufacturers took the substance off the market under pressure from the authorities (FDA Alert). The manufacturer Abbott Laboratories ( Cylert ) stopped production in 2005. Finally, Lilly took the last product ( Tradon ) from the German market in 2006. Finished medicinal products are no longer on the market worldwide.

Pemoline is regulated by narcotics law.

pharmacology

The dosage is 20 to max. 100 mg. The half-life is about 8 to 12 hours.

effect

The drug works by selectively inhibiting the presynaptic dopamine and noradrenaline transporters. By preventing resumption, the concentration of these neurotransmitters increases. However, the exact mechanism of action is not known. The therapeutic effect only sets in after a latency period of four to six weeks after the first dose.

In comparison with other stimulants, the rebound phenomenon is absent or only weakly pronounced. The half-life is significantly longer than z. B. that of methylphenidate.

Side effects

Typical common side effects are insomnia, insomnia, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Internet sources also mention drowsiness, dizziness and headaches. During the use of pemoline, increased liver enzyme values and the occurrence of hepatotoxic reactions were observed, which prompted the Drug Commission of the German Medical Association to issue a prescription restriction: Pemoline could only be prescribed if other treatment measures (therapy with other psychostimulants such as methylphenidate or amphetamine ) were unsuccessful or not on their own were sufficient and with special monitoring of liver function. Since pemoline was approved by the FDA in 1975, 21 cases of liver failure have been reported, 13 of which resulted in liver transplant or death. According to the FDA, this is up to 25 times more common than would be expected without the drug. Therefore, the FDA first issued a warning and withdrew US marketing approval in 2005.

Dependency potential

In Germany, pemoline falls under the Narcotics Act. The exception to this is the tablet form with a dose of up to 20 mg per piece, for which no BTM prescription is required. In the US, the FDA lists pemoline as a Schedule IV drug under the Controlled Substances Act .

Trade names

Cylert (USA, supra ), Abbott Laboratories; Tradon (D, A.H.), Lilly; Stimul (CH, a. H.)

Web links

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Entry on pemoline. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on October 1, 2014.
↑ Template: CL Inventory / not harmonized There is not yet a harmonized classification for this substance . A labeling of pemoline in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), retrieved on July 10, 2020, is reproduced from a self-classification by the distributor .
↑ Fatal liver damage from the psychostimulant pemoline (Tradon®) | Good pills, bad pills. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
↑ ABDA database (as of December 6, 2009).
↑ Tradon | ADHD medication. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
↑ Medicines Commission of the German Medical Association: Prescription restrictions for pemoline (Tradon®) due to the risk of liver damage , Deutsches Ärzteblatt 97, issue 6, February 11, 2000.
↑ Cylert (pemoline): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .

[RÖMPP_Online-1] Entry on pemoline. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on October 1, 2014.

[2] Template: CL Inventory / not harmonized There is not yet a harmonized classification for this substance . A labeling of pemoline in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), retrieved on July 10, 2020, is reproduced from a self-classification by the distributor .

[3] Fatal liver damage from the psychostimulant pemoline (Tradon®) | Good pills, bad pills. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .

[4] ABDA database (as of December 6, 2009).

[5] Tradon | ADHD medication. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .

[6] Medicines Commission of the German Medical Association: Prescription restrictions for pemoline (Tradon®) due to the risk of liver damage , Deutsches Ärzteblatt 97, issue 6, February 11, 2000.

[7] Cylert (pemoline): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .