Freshwater umberfish

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Freshwater umberfish
Freshwater umberfish

Freshwater umberfish

Systematics
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii)
Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
incertae sedis
Family : Umberfish (Sciaenidae)
Genre : Plagioscion
Type : Freshwater umberfish
Scientific name
Plagioscion squamosissimus
( Heckel , 1840)

The freshwater umberfish ( Plagioscion squamosissimus ) lives in the Amazon and its tributaries and occurs as far as the brackish water of the Amazon delta.

Systematics

In the genus Plagioscion Gill 1861 ("indistinct, ie scurrying shadow") approx. 15 species were described. According to the revision by Casatti (2005), only five species are justified, of which three genera Plagioscion , Pachyeops and Pachyrus occur in South America. They live in the currents of subtropical and tropical South America; some occasionally invade the sea. The fish is called Silver Croaker or Drum Fish in English, Corvina-de-água-doce in Brazil , Spanish Corvina de Río or Curbinata and Acoupa Tamoné in Guayana . In the quechua - or kichwas- speaking ethnic groups of northern Peru, it is called rumi challwa ("stone fish"). The name is explained by the fact that the fish should have two almond-sized stones in its head instead of the brain. In fact, the otoliths ("ear stones") are used in umberfishes including Plagioscion squamosissimus due to their size, among other things, to determine the species, but also to determine the body size when reaching sexual maturity.

distribution

Plagioscion squamosissimus is found in major rivers in Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , French Guiana , Peru , Suriname, and Venezuela . It was introduced into the river system of the Rio Tietê in the state of São Paulo .

features

The freshwater umberfish has many small scales that give it a silvery appearance. It grows up to 80 cm long and weighs 5 kg. The caudal fin is deltoid or teardrop-shaped (evidence of ami-shaped swimming). There is a black eye spot on the base of the pectoral fin . Fin formula : D1 XI, D2 I / 30-34, A II / 6 (i.e. very short).

Way of life

The fish live under different ecological conditions, e.g. B. also in black water (poor growth); at water temperatures of 22 to 27 ° C. Its habitat extends from pure fresh water to brackish water at the mouth of the Amazon into the Atlantic , to which its life cycle is adapted. Freshwater umberfish exhibit complex migration patterns that have not yet been well researched. At low tide, larger swarms can be found in the main stream of the rivers or in isolated lakes in the previously flooded forests. When the tide is high, the small fish hunting schools invade the floodplains. Some authors report that the freshwater umberfish reaches higher weights in white water than in acidic black water. At the Rio Marmoré in Bolivia, for example, it was observed that the distribution of the freshwater umberfish is limited to its occurrence in the white water of rivers with springs in the Andes and in the floodplains of the gallery forests. Spawning takes place in the months of September to December (end of the dry period and start of flooding) in the open water of the gallery forests. His demands on the water are less the chemical composition than the oxygen content, the depth and the nature of the water body. The distribution of the freshwater umberfish is tied to a narrow ecological niche that is not occupied by any other fish species in this form. Young fish eat insect larvae, copepods, shrimp (especially Macrobrachium ), etc., while larger fish are increasingly eating . The drummer lives socially in small to medium-sized schools and is mostly diurnal.

use

Because of its firm white meat, the freshwater umberfish is a locally important edible and angler fish and is also "artificially" reproduced in aquaculture and pond farming. The fishermen in Amazonia catch the freshwater umberfish mainly at low tide near river mouths, once they have located the correct depth of the shoals. In the Itaipú reservoir on the Rio Paraná , it is one of the important commercial fish whose reproduction was endangered by the construction of the dam.

Sound generation

As with the marine umberfish, the males of this species also make sounds. The drumming, croaking, snarling or grunting of the male animals is caused by vibration of the swim bladder caused by differentiated parts of the trunk muscles. It is believed that the sounds attract females and drive away rivals, as they can usually be heard during spawning season.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ L. Casatti: Revision of the South American freshwater genus, Plagioscion (Teleostei, Perciformes, Sciaenidae). Zootaxa 1080: 39-64
  2. ↑ Translating the silver Quaker
  3. ↑ Trans. Drumfish
  4. ↑ Übers. Umberfisch / shadow fish of the fresh water
  5. ↑ C over. River Umberfisch
  6. ↑ http://www.ibcperu.org/doc/isis/5447.pdf  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. p. 167.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ibcperu.org  
  7. Jump up ↑ Some of the missionaries of the Society of Jesus travel to America. Johann Eberhard Seh (ed.), Nuremberg 1785. p. 272.
  8. ^ Carlos Sérgio Agostinho (2000): Use of Otoliths to Estimate Size at Sexual Maturity in Fish. (PDF; 92 kB) Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 43 (4). ISSN  1516-8913
  9. ↑ a b c d Freshwater Umberfish on Fishbase.org (English)
  10. ^ PM Stefani, O. Rocha: Diet composition of Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840), a fish introduced into the Tietê River system. In: Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia. Volume 69, Number 3, August 2009, ISSN  1678-4375 , pp. 805-812, PMID 19802439 .
  11. ↑ Comparative growth studies on two Sciaenidae species (Plagioscion squamosissimus Heckel and Plagioscion monti Soares) in different types of water in Central Amazonia in: By H. Worthmann: Comparative growth studies on two Sciaenidae species (Plagioscion squamosissimus Heckel and Plagioscion monti Soares in different types of waters) In: Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 3, 1987, p. 124, doi : 10.1111 / j.1439-0426.1987.tb00464.x .
  12. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pfeil-verlag.de
  13. ↑ Reproductive Strategies of Plagioscion squamosissimus Heckel, 1840 (Osteichthyes Sciaenidae) in the Itaipú Reservoir, Brazil in http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-89132002000300010&script=sci_arttext
  14. ^ Rüdiger Riel, Hans A. Baensch , Horst Büscher: Aquariums Atlas. Volume 4, Mergus Verlag, ISBN 3-88244-038-4 .

literature

Web links

Commons : Freshwater Umberfish ( Plagioscion squamosissimus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files