Prototheca

Prototheca
	Infection with Prototheca zopfii in domestic dogs ( HE stain )
Systematics
without rank:	Chloroplastida
without rank:	Chlorophyta
without rank:	Trebouxiophyceae
Order :	Chlorellales
Family :	Chlorellaceae
Genre :	Prototheca
Scientific name
	Prototheca
	W. Kruger

Prototheca is a genus of algae . It forms spherical to ellipsoidal, single cells and has no chlorophyll . The genus was first described in 1894. Some of their species play a clinical role as causative agents of protothecosis in various vertebrates .

Description and way of life

Prototheken are unicellular algae, round to ellipsoidal, with a diameter of 5 to 40 µm. They are closely related to the genus Chlorella and probably evolved from it. Your cell wall is smooth; An inner layer made of polysaccharides and a three-layer outer layer can be distinguished in it using an electron microscope . The cells do not contain any chloroplasts , so they cannot photosynthesize and store energy in the form of starch . Reproduction takes place asexually through spores that are formed in the cells and released when the cell wall bursts open. A sexual reproduction has not been observed.

Prototheken are found worldwide , from the temperate zone to the tropics , can colonize both fresh and salt water and have also been isolated from soils, from multicellular plants, and from humans and other animals. In rare cases, some species from the genus can cause the disease protothecosis ; They are the only known algae that can cause an infection in vertebrates .

history

Prototheca were first isolated in 1894 by Wilhelm Krüger from the sap of pathologically altered elms and linden trees and described as Prototheca zopfii and Prototheca moriformis (now also part of Prototheca zopfii ). At that time, Krüger regarded the organisms as mushrooms . In 1913 they were classified as algae by Robert Chodat because they form their endospores in the same way as the algae of the genus Chlorella . This classification lasted until 1957, when R. Ciferri assigned the Prototheca species as yeasts to the Saccharomycetes class . However, thanks to the ultrastructural evidence of degenerated plastids , the Prototheca species have been clearly identified as algae since the mid-1970s.

species

Recent scientific studies suggest the existence of six species:

Prototheca blaschkeae Roesler et al.
Prototheca cutis Satoh et al.
Prototheca miyajii Matsuda et al.
Prototheca stagnora pore
Prototheca ulmea pore
Prototheca wickerhamii Tubaki & Soneda
Prototheca zopfii W. Krueger

Prototheca wickerhamii is the most common pathogen causing protothecosis in humans. Both Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii can cause infections in several other mammalian species.

Web links

Commons : Prototheca - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Lass-Flörl C, Mayr A. Human protothecosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007 Apr; 20 (2): 230-42. Review. PMID 17428884
^ ^A ^b Prototheca W. Krueger in Zopf in Guiry, MD & Guiry, GM 2009. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
^ W. Krüger (1894): Brief description of some lower organisms in the sap flow of deciduous trees . Hedwigia 33 : 241-266
↑ R. Chodat (1913): Monographies d'algues en culture pure. in: Mat. Crypt. Suisse 4 : 234–241.
↑ R. Ciferri et al. (1957): Morphological and assimilative characteristics and speciology of protothecae. In: Nuovi Ann. Ig. Microbiol. 8 : 554-563.
↑ MJ. Nadakuvakaren and DA. McCracken (1973): Prototheca: an alga or fungus? In: J. Phycol. $ 9 : 113-6.
↑ NJ. Patni and S. Aaronson (1974): The nutrition, resistance to antibiotics and infrastructure of Prototheca wickerhamii. In: J. Gen. Microbiol. 83 : 179-82
↑ KJ. Joshi et al. (1975): The infrastructure of Prototheca wickerhamii. In: Mycopathologia 56 : 9-13 PMID 1097932
↑ Michiaki Masuda, Noriyuki Hirose, Tomohiro Ishikawa, Yoshiya Ikawa, Kazuko Nishimura: Prototheca miyajii sp. nov., isolated from a patient with systemic protothecosis . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 66 , no. 3 , January 1, 2016, p. 1510–1520 , doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.000911 ( microbiologyresearch.org [accessed May 28, 2016]).

[Lass-1] Lass-Flörl C, Mayr A. Human protothecosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007 Apr; 20 (2): 230-42. Review. PMID 17428884

[AB-2] A ^b Prototheca W. Krueger in Zopf in Guiry, MD & Guiry, GM 2009. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved February 14, 2010.

[3] W. Krüger (1894): Brief description of some lower organisms in the sap flow of deciduous trees . Hedwigia 33 : 241-266

[4] R. Chodat (1913): Monographies d'algues en culture pure. in: Mat. Crypt. Suisse 4 : 234–241.

[5] R. Ciferri et al. (1957): Morphological and assimilative characteristics and speciology of protothecae. In: Nuovi Ann. Ig. Microbiol. 8 : 554-563.

[6] MJ. Nadakuvakaren and DA. McCracken (1973): Prototheca: an alga or fungus? In: J. Phycol. $ 9 : 113-6.

[7] NJ. Patni and S. Aaronson (1974): The nutrition, resistance to antibiotics and infrastructure of Prototheca wickerhamii. In: J. Gen. Microbiol. 83 : 179-82

[8] KJ. Joshi et al. (1975): The infrastructure of Prototheca wickerhamii. In: Mycopathologia 56 : 9-13 PMID 1097932

[9] Michiaki Masuda, Noriyuki Hirose, Tomohiro Ishikawa, Yoshiya Ikawa, Kazuko Nishimura: Prototheca miyajii sp. nov., isolated from a patient with systemic protothecosis . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 66 , no. 3 , January 1, 2016, p. 1510–1520 , doi : 10.1099 / ijsem.0.000911 ( microbiologyresearch.org [accessed May 28, 2016]).