Real frogs (family)
Real frogs | ||||||||||||
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Huia masonii |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Ranidae | ||||||||||||
Batsch , 1796 |
The real frogs (Ranidae) form a family within the frogs (Anura), which is distributed worldwide. In Greenland , in the Antarctic , on the Caribbean islands, in the desert regions of North Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula as well as in central and southern South America and in most of Australia it is absent in nature.
features
Representatives of this family are between five and more than 30 centimeters long. The most extensive genus of the family with around 260 species are the real frogs that give it its name . Typically the Ranidae lay their spawn in bodies of water and develop indirectly via an aquatic tadpole phase .
At a higher taxonomic level, the term "frog" is not limited sharply - it is also used for species other families or even another subordination of Anura belong (see, for example:. Frogs , point frogs , Blind Worms , poison dart frogs , tree frogs ). The same applies to the term “toad”.
Systematics and taxonomy
The systematics of the family Ranidae is controversial. There are very different representations of their taxonomic structure. In 2009 Amphibiaweb listed 50 genera with more than 850 species. In this form, however, it was a paraphyletic collective taxon . Therefore, many genera were assigned to other, partly newly created families: Ceratobatrachidae , Conrauidae , Dicroglossidae , Micrixalidae , Nyctibatrachidae , Petropedetidae , Phrynobatrachidae , Ptychadenidae , Pyxicephalidae and Ranixalidae . Today, under the genus Rana , only about 50 species are listed, for many others new names have been postulated ( e.g. Pelophylax for the water frogs, which are also represented in Central Europe ). The system is, however, controversial and in some cases still quite provisional.
Genera
The family comprises 26 genera with a total of 398 species according to "Amphibian Species of the World":
Status: February 24, 2019
- Genus Abavorana Oliver, Prendini, Kraus & Raxworthy, 2015 (monotypical)
- Genus Amnirana Dubois, 1992
- Genus Amolops Cope, 1865 - Cascade frogs
- Genus Babina Thompson, 1912
- Genus Chalcorana Dubois, 1992
- Genus Clinotarsus Mivart, 1869
- Genus Discodeles Boulenger, 1918
- Genus Glandirana Fei, Ye & Huang, 1990
- Genus Huia Yang, 1991
- Genus Hylarana Tschudi, 1838
- Genus Humerana Dubois, 1992
- Genus Hydrophylax Fitzinger, 1843
- Genus Indosylvirana Oliver, Prendini, Kraus & Raxworthy, 2015
- Genus Lithobates Fitzinger, 1843
- Genus Meristogenys Yang, 1991
- Genus Odorrana Fei, Ye & Huang, 1990
- Genus Papurana Dubois, 1992
- Genus Pelophylax Fitzinger, 1843
- Genus Pseudorana Fei, Ye & Huang, 1990
- Genus Pterorana Kiyasetuo & Khare, 1986 (monotypical)
- Genus Pulchrana Dubois, 1992
- Genus Rana Linnaeus, 1758 - Real frogs
- Genus Sanguirana Dubois, 1992
- Genus Staurois Cope, 1865
- Genus Sumaterana Arifin, Smart, Hertwig, Smith, Iskandar & Haas, 2018
- Genus Sylvirana Dubois, 1992
- outsourced to the family Ceratobatrachidae
- Genus Cornufa Tschudi, 1838 = Ceratobatrachus Boulenger, 1884
- Genus Platymantis Günther, 1859
- outsourced to the family Conrauidae
- Genus Conraua Nieden, 1908
- Species goliath frog ( C. goliath )
- in the family dicroglossidae outsourced
- Genus Euphlyctis Fitzinger, 1843
- Genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915
- Species Fejervarya sakishimensis
- Genus Hoplobatrachus Peters, 1863
- Genus Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843
- Genus Nannophrys Günther, 1869
- Genus Nanorana Günther, 1896
- Genus Sphaerotheca Günther, 1859
- Genus Ingerana Dubois, 1987
- Genus Occidozyga Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822
The genus Minervarya Dubois, Ohler & Biju, 2001 was synonymous with the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 in 2015 .
- in the family Micrixalidae outsourced
- Genus Micrixalus Boulenger, 1888
- in the family Nyctibatrachidae outsourced
- Genus Lankanectes Dubois & Ohler, 2001
- Genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882
- in the family Petropedetidae outsourced
- Genus Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874
- outsourced to the family Phrynobatrachidae
- Genus Phrynobatrachus Günther, 1862
- in the family Ptychadenidae outsourced
- Genus Hildebrandtia Nieden, 1907
- Genus Lanzarana Clarke, 1982 (monotypical)
- Genus Ptychadena Boulenger, 1917
- outsourced to the family Pyxicephalidae
- Genus Amietia Dubois, 1987
- Genus Anhydrophryne Hewitt, 1919
- Genus Arthroleptella Hewitt, 1926
- Genus Aubria Boulenger, 1917
- Genus Cacosternum Boulenger, 1887
- Genus Ericabatrachus Largen, 1991
- Genus Microbatrachella Hewitt, 1926
- Genus Natalobatrachus Hewitt & Methuen, 1912
- Genus Nothophryne Poynton, 1963
- Genus Poyntonia Channing & Boycott, 1989
- Genus Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838 - burial frogs
- Species African bullfrog ( Pyxicephalus adspersus )
- Genus Strongylopus Tschudi, 1838
- Genus Tomopterna Duméril & Bibron, 1841
- in the family Ranixalidae outsourced
- Genus Indirana Laurent, 1986
Individual evidence
- ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Ranidae Batsch, 1796 Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1999–2019, accessed February 24, 2019
- ↑ Umilaela Arifin, Utpal Smart, Stefan T. Hertwig, Eric N. Smith, Djoko T. Iskandar, Alexander Haas: Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a taxonomically unstable ranid from Sumatra, Indonesia, reveals a new genus with gastromyzophorous tadpoles and two new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 64, 1, pp. 163-193, March 2018.
literature
- August Johann Georg Karl Batsch: Outline of the entire natural history: an excerpt from the author's earlier handbooks for his lectures. Publishing house Christian Ernst Gabler, Jena & Leipzig 1796 (first description)
Web links
- Ranidae , species list of the Ranidae family from Amphibiaweb, accessed on August 11, 2015
- Darrel R. Frost: Ranidae Batsch, 1796 , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, 1999-2015, accessed August 10, 2015