Retortamonadida

Retortamonadida
Chilomastix cuspidata
Systematics
Classification : Creature Domain : Eukaryotes (eukaryota) without rank: Excavata without rank: Fornicata without rank: Diplomonadida without rank: Retortamonadida
Scientific name
Retortamonadida
Grassé , 1952

The Retortamonadida are a group of protists who belong to the Excavata . It consists of only two genera, most species live as commensals , a few are pathogens.

features

All types are relatively small, usually between 5 and 20 micrometers, and have a corset of microtubules under the cell surface , which has been lost in some retortamoma types. Mitochondria are missing, as is a Golgi apparatus . They have a large pocket-like cell mouth ( cytostome ) and four kinetosomes that are arranged either crosswise or in pairs at the end of the cell near the cell nucleus. Each pair of kinetosomes has a scourge in Retortamonas , and two in the genus Chilomastix .

The characteristic pit of the mouth of the Excavata lies clearly on the side and is covered in the middle by two overlapping "lips". Through the resulting tube there runs a flagellum, which always attaches over the base of the cell mouth and has a star-shaped three-winged cross-section. Through its movement, it brings nutrient particles to the actual cell mouth, the other flagella serve as swimming aids.

Way of life

All species - with the exception of Chilomastix cuspidata - are endobionts and colonize the intestines of vertebrates such as invertebrates . There they live as commensals or parasites . Trophozoites and cysts with only one cell nucleus are known as life stages , whether sexual reproduction exists is not known.

As far as their representatives are pathogens at all, they are only weakly pathogenic. Diarrhea has been proven in humans with Chilomastix mesnili and in domestic chickens with Chilomastix gallinarum . Retortamonas intestinalis lives as a harmless commensal in humans.

Systematics

The position of the Retortamonadida varied frequently, but mostly they were placed as a separate class or order in the vicinity of the Diplomonadida , as whose sister group it is classified today. According to molecular genetic studies, however, the group is polyphyletic , possibly due to incorrect placement of individual Retortamonas species.

It consists of only two genera (species according to or):

• Retortamonas
  • Retortamonas agilis
  • Retortamonas alexeieffi
  • Retortamonas arae
  • Retortamonas belostomae
  • Retortamonas Blattae
  • Retortamonas boae
  • Retortamonas bradypi
  • Retortamonas caudatus
  • Retortamonas caviae
  • Retortamonas cheloni
  • Retortamonas cuniculi
  • Retortamonas dobelli
  • Retortamonas gryllotalpae
  • Retortamonas hodotermitis
  • Retortamonas intestinalis
  • Retortamonas kirbii
  • Retortamonas masoodi
  • Retortamonas mitrula
  • Retortamonas ovis
  • Retortamonas pericopti
  • Retortamonas phyllophagae
  • Retortamonas saurarum
  • Retortamonas sinensis
  • Retortamonas termitis
  • Retortamonas testudae
  • Retortamonas wenrichi

• Chilomastix
  • Chilomastix aulastomi
  • Chilomastix bandicooti
  • Chilomastix bettencourti
  • Chilomastix bocis
  • Chilomastix bursa
  • Chilomastix caprae
  • Chilomastix caulleryi
  • Chilomastix cuniculi
  • Chilomastix cuspidata
  • Chilomastix equi
  • Chilomastix gallinarum
  • Chilomastix gigantea
  • Chilomastix hemidactyli
  • Chilomastix hyderabadensis
  • Chilomastix indica
  • Chilomastix unabilis
  • Chilomastix intestinalis
  • Chilomastix kudoi
  • Chilomastix magna
  • Chilomastix mediterraneus
  • Chilomastix megamorpha
  • Chilomastix mesnili
  • Chilomastix motellae
  • Chilomastix muris
  • Chilomastix nigricollisi
  • Chilomastix oblonga
  • Chilomastix palmari
  • Chilomastix quadrii
  • Chilomastix rosenbuchi
  • Chilomastix wenrichi
  • Chilomastix undulata

proof

• Klaus Hausmann, Norbert Hülsmann, Renate Radek: Protistology , 3rd edition, Schweizerbart, 2003, p. 46, ISBN 3-510-65208-8

Individual evidence

Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under references; the following sources are also cited:

1. ↑ Sina M. Adl, Alastair GB Simpson, Mark A. Farmer, Robert A. Andersen, O. Roger Anderson, John A. Barta, Samual S. Bowser, Guy Brugerolle, Robert A. Fensome, Suzanne Fredericq, Timothy Y. James , Sergei Karpov, Paul Kugrens, John Krug, Christopher E. Lane, Louise A. Lewis, Jean Lodge, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Richard M. McCourt, Leonel Mendoza, Øjvind Moestrup, Sharon E. Mozley-Standridge , Thomas A. Nerad, Carol A. Shearer, Alexey V. Smirnov, Frederick W. Spiegel, Max FJR Taylor: The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 (5), 2005; Page 440
2. ^ ^{A b} Tree of Life Web Project. 2008. Chilomastix Alexeieff. Version 02 September 2008 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Chilomastix/97421/2008.09.02 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
3. ↑ Ivan Cepicka: Fornicata , In: The Tree of Life Web Project , Version 02 September 2008 (under construction), Online
4. ↑ ^{a b} Heinz Mehlhorn (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Parasitology , 3rd edition, p. 1243, ISBN 978-3-540-48994-8
5. ↑ Adl, SM, Simpson, AGB, Lane, CE, Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, SS, Brown, MW, Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A. , Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, DH, McManus, H., Mitchell, EAD, Mozley-Stanridge, SE, Parfrey, LW, Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, CL, Smirnov, A. and Spiegel, FW: The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology , 59: 429-514, 2012, PDF Online
6. ^ Tree of Life Web Project. 2008. Retortamonas Grassi 1879. Version 02 September 2008 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Retortamonas/97425/2008.09.02 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/