Rosa Manus

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Rosa Manus (ca.1910)
Rosa Manus (Jacobus Hendrikus 'Koos' Speenhoff (1869–1945))

Rosa Manus , real name: Rosette Susanna Manus (born August 20, 1881 in Amsterdam , † March 1942 in Bernburg ), was a Dutch feminist , activist for women's rights , women's suffrage and initiator of various organizations. Together with Johanna Naber and Willemijn Posthumus-van der Goot , she founded the “International Archives for the Women's Movement” (“Internationaal Archief voor de Vrouwenbewegung”, IAV) in 1935, which has been called Aletta, instituut voor vrouwengeschiedenis since 2009 .

Life

Rosa Manus came from a wealthy, liberal Jewish family. Her father, Henry Philip Manus, was a successful tobacco dealer who raised his children with a strict hand. Her mother, Soete Vita Israël, ran the large household according to the rules of a middle-class family. Manus was the second of seven children and attended elementary school (lagere school) and secondary school (middelbare school) in Amsterdam.

After completing secondary school, her parents sent her to a girls' boarding school in Switzerland. After completing his training in Switzerland, Manus tried to set up a fashion business against her father's wishes. When her father found out about her intentions, she had to cancel all existing contracts and agreements. He believed that a "decent woman" shouldn't work for money. In their civic circles it is appropriate to participate in charity events . This event was the reason for her to often seek professional help from other women and to support women's organizations. “From 1910 to 1940, Rosa Manus was, alongside Aletta Jacobs, the most important leading figure in the Dutch women's movement and was active in numerous organizations at home and abroad. Her focus was mainly on the organization of events, so less on their content ”.

Manus was good at using modern means of publicity. In 1937 she was able to persuade Eleanor Roosevelt , the wife of the then American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to write an article about the importance of women's work. At that time there were plans to ban women’s labor. In 1908 she met the chairman of the World Federation for Women's Suffrage (Engl. International Woman Suffrage Alliance , IWSA;. Dutch Wereldbond voor Vrouwenkiesrecht , WVV), Carrie Chapman Catt , know with which she was a close friend for the rest of their lives. Together with Catt she traveled to South America in 1922/1923. With Catt's successor, Margery Corbett Ashby , Manus visited Palestine, Egypt and Syria in 1935. Her motivation was to motivate women to come to the “First International Congress” of the World Federation, which took place in Istanbul in 1936.

Between June 15 and 20, 1908, the third congress of the World Federation for Women's Suffrage took place in Amsterdam. Manus made her first acquaintance with feminism here. She participated in the organization of the WvV and was named "Special Organizer" of the World Federation because of her multilingualism. In this function Manus made the preparations for all subsequent congresses of the World Federation. In addition, she was "Europees secretaris van het comité voor vrede en vrijheid" (for example: "European secretary of the Committee for Peace and Freedom") of the WvV. From 1923 to 1938 she was Vice President of the World Federation for Women's Suffrage and Secretary of the “International Disarmament Committee” (Dutch: “Internationaal Ontwapeningscomité”), also known as the “International Peace Conference”, and coordinated numerous political actions. "One of her innumerable actions in the interwar period was the collection of more than eight million signatures as Secretary of the International Disarmament Committee, which were presented to the chairman of the League of Nations, Lord Cecil, with great public sympathy . "

Together with Mia Boissevain (1878–1959), Manus organized the De Vrouw exhibition 1813–1913 in 1913 , on the situation of women from 1813 and developments in the situation of women up to 1913. The exhibition attracted around 300,000 visitors.

During the First World War , Aletta Jacobs brought together women from warring and neutral countries. Manus organized a large part of the "International Women's Congress" in 1915 in The Hague. In the same year she became secretary of the “Internationaal Comité van vrouwen voor duurzame vrede” (“International Women's Committee for Lasting Peace”). The committee was founded on April 28, 1915 and has been running since 1919 under the name Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). In 1935 Manus founded the “International Archive for the Women's Movement” (IAV) (today Aletta, instituut voor vrouwengeschiedenis) together with Johanna Naber and Willemijn Posthumus-van der Goot.

The archive of the IAV was after the occupation of the Netherlands in 1940 by the Nazis closed and looted. For a long time the archive material was thought to be lost, but was found again in Moscow in 1992. In May 2003 the archive came back to Amsterdam. The archive compiled by Aletta Jacobs was housed in the IAV, also her own archive material.

In the first half of the 1930s, Manus passed on information to Jewish women's organizations in the USA as a contact person . She was arrested in August 1941 after several interrogations because of her “pacifist and international tendencies” (meaning: pacifist and communist interests). After three months in prison in Scheveningen , the so-called Oranjehotel , she was sent to the Ravensbrück concentration camp at the end of October 1941 . She probably died in the Bernburg euthanasia center in March 1942.

In 1936 Rosa Manus was appointed Officier in de Orde van Oranje Nassau .

literature

  • Jo van Ammers-Küller : Important women of the present: ten portraits of women (including about Rosa Manus). Carl Schünemann- Verlag, Bremen 1935
  • Clara M. Meijers: A modern vrouw van format: leven en works van Rosa Manus . Uitgeverij Brill, Leiden 1946
  • Barbara Degen: "The heart beats in Ravensbrück" - The commemorative culture of women . Publishing house Barbara Budrich, Opladen u. a. 2010, ISBN 3-86649-288-X . (Biographies in the appendix, PDF 10 MB, p. 339, about R. Manus)
  • Judith Frishmann, Hetty Berg : Dutch Jewry in an cultural maelstrom, 1880–1940 . Aksant Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 2007, ISBN 978-90-5260-268-4 . Available online (English)
  • Helen Rappaport: Encyclopedia of women social reformers, Volume 1 . ABC-CLIO Publishers, Santa Barbara (California) 2001, ISBN 978-1-57607-101-4 available online (English)
  • Myriam Everard and Francisca de Haan (eds.): Rosa Manus (1881–1942): The International Life and Legacy of a Jewish Dutch Feminist , Leiden / Boston: Brill 2017, ISBN 978-90-04-33318-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tijdbalk. Like what Rosa Manus? ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Annual list from the life of Rosa Manus. Manus' death date, April 28, 1943, is commonly given in biographies. R. Manus' family was informed from Ravensbrück that they had died on May 29, 1942. After the war, the Red Cross gave the date of death: April 28, 1943. Dutch, accessed September 18, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.atria.nl
  2. ↑ Myriam Everard: 'Moord op Rosa Manus opgehelderd' , In: Historisch Nieuwsblad , October 2015, p. 53-57.
  3. ↑ Author: Mineke Bosch. Portret RS Manus . First published in: BWSA 6 (1995), pp. 139-142. Biographical Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbewegung in Nederland . Unless otherwise stated, information about her life was taken from this biography. Dutch. Retrieved September 18, 2011
  4. ^ Author: Doris Hermanns (2008). Biography: Rosa Manus (Rosette Susanne Manus) . German, accessed September 18, 2011
  5. ↑ Author: Mineke Bosch. Portret RS Manus . BWSA 6 (1995), pp. 139-142. Dutch, accessed September 18, 2011
  6. ↑ Tijdbalk ( Memento of the original dated February 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Years of her life. Used in this article. Dutch, accessed September 18, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.atria.nl
  7. ↑ See: Helen Rappaport: Encyclopedia of women social reformers, Volume 1 .
  8. ^ Author: Doris Hermanns (2008). Manus collected more than 8 million signatures . German, accessed September 29, 2011
  9. ↑ Author: Mineke Bosch. Portret RS Manus . BWSA 6 (1995), pp. 139-142. Dutch, accessed September 18, 2011
  10. ↑ Biography ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . On the website Aletta, instituut voor vrouwengeschiedenis . More than 300,000 visitors came to the De Vrouw 1813–1913 exhibition . Dutch, accessed September 18, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.atria.nl
personal data
SURNAME Manus, Rosa
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Manus, Rosette Susanna
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dutch suffragette
DATE OF BIRTH August 20, 1881
PLACE OF BIRTH Amsterdam (Netherlands)
DATE OF DEATH May 29, 1942 or April 28, 1943
Place of death Ravensbrück