Runic brooches from Weingarten

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The runic brooches from Weingarten (runological: Weingarten I and II; KJ 164; N 8, 31, 38; O 53, 54) are two partially gold-plated S-shaped silver bird's head brooches from the 6th and 7th centuries with runic inscriptions on the reverse . They were found in the 1950s in two graves in the early medieval Alemannic burial ground of Weingarten in Weingarten , Ravensburg district in Baden-Württemberg . The objects bear a brief dedication (Weingarten I) to the owner or rune master of unknown gender and a male personal name (Weingarten II).

Finding

The burial ground now overbuilt lay north of the Schussen on a flat, gently sloping gravel terrace. During the development of a new building area in 1952, the first skeleton finds were made in autumn of that year, after which prospecting was immediately undertaken by the State Office for Monument Preservation of Baden-Württemberg . Despite the impairment caused by the ongoing construction work and the resulting incompletely documented site and grave plan (loss of presumably 100 graves), 801 graves with 810 burials were uncovered by 1957, with a high proportion of grave goods, some of which were rich, including 76% of them male burial places with weapons additions (253 of 383 burials). No additions were found in only 93 burials.

So far, rune-graphic objects have been identified in four graves of women . Next to the two fibulae an amber bead (Weingarten III, grave 511) from the 6th century with six characters, of which only three are rated as real runes ( e, u, n ); the string is considered an illegible inscription and, with exceptions, is not included in the current catalogs of runic inscriptions. In grave 313 of an early adult woman, a gold-plated 3 cm high almandine-set , silver disc fibula was found, on the back of which runes that have not yet been published are affixed.

Weingarten I.

The girl's grave 272 had grave goods in addition to a glass pearl necklace, an iron buckle and an iron knife, the silver, partially gold-plated, rune-inscribed S-fibula with occupied almandine inlays in triangular niello decor (length 3.6 cm). It is dated to the late 6th century. The two-line, inverted and clockwise runic inscription is commonly read (Krause / Jankuhn):

I alirguþ x (x) x
II feha: ​​writ ///
  • Diplomatic (Findell):
I a li / e rguþ:? (??)
II feha: ​​writ? ... i / l a
to I:
  • In the discussion is the first member of the traditionally recognized two-part female personal name Alir-gu (n) þ , which is formally feminine . PN Alagu (n) þ the inscription Schretzheim II (KJ 157, N 7, O 38) is adjustable. The reading of runes 2 + 3, which are conventionally read as li (Krause, Opitz, Düwel, Nedoma), is rejected by Loojinga and, in deviation from it, is read as e , since after your autopsy on the original and according to the photo, the i on the left is a branch shows, which extends to the right branch of l and thus forms the runic grapheme e . Consequently, it reads the sequence as a digraph ae and resolves to the name Aergunth . Findell considers both options plausible and considers it possible that Loojinga's digraph is a reflex of the Germanic diphthong * / ai / in the pre-High German inscription and the transition from diphthong to monophthongization in the Franconian-Alemannic dialect area in the period from 7th to 8th centuries Century analogous to the old English process ae < Æ . Traditionally, the tribe is Aliregerm . * Aliza , * alizō = "Erle", in Old High German Elira, Erila = "Alder" as a numerous member of the Germanic Onomastic (place names: Gothic Alust ( Aluschta ), river name: Else (n)) / Elz, Theonym Alusneihae ). Loojinga sets as a tribe Germanic * aizō to Old High German, Old Saxon ēra- = "honor, friendliness, respect".
  • The name is followed by two superimposed characters, which are commonly read as word separators, and a gap (space) with space for one or two more runes; a vertical line character / rune 8 is rated as a stick of i , if rated at all.
  • Rune / character 9 is read with Opitz (Bammesberger, Beck, Düwel, Haubrichs, Schwab) as a flat-angled left-turned k-rune in the form of a binding rune with i to ik = "I" ( Alirguþ: ik ). Krause, Runenprojekt Kiel, Loojinga, Nedoma omit the symbol as unsafe and refer to possible filler elements or simply runes that are no longer meaningful.
to II:
  • The undisputed reading feha (h-rune with double branch ) is interpreted as a subject or object in relation to the runologically reserved ik and writ = "scratch": On the one hand, as a possible female personal name or function name (Bammesberger, Beck, Düwel, Krause, Looijinga, Opitz ) to Germanic * faiha- > Gothic faihs = "colorful" as the ritual name of the rune master with reference to the activity of dyeing the runes; on the other hand, as an accusative object (Ute Schwab and Wolfgang Haubrichs) as "joy" or "adorable".

Weingarten II

The S-fibula Weingarten II comes from grave 179 of an adult woman between the ages of 20 and 39 who was buried in a wooden coffin at a depth of 1.25 m. A clay vessel, a belt hanger with bear tooth, comb, knife and ring, a buckle and a chain made of glass and amber beads were found as accessories. There are also two S-shaped bird's head fibulae, one of which is rune inscribed on the back and draped to the right of the skull.

The 3.4 cm long fibula made of fire-gilded silver with almandine inlays in the eyes of the two birds shown is openwork between the head and body. As further decors, the front shows punch and spiral decorations. The needle construction on the back is badly damaged and incomplete. The fibula is dated to the first half of the 6th century (510-560).

The clockwise inscription is placed in the center of the back of the fibula. It runs between the needle holder and the needle catch directly under the needle and almost completely fills the bridge between the two openings. The individual signs are clearly visible. There is currently no information about the time of installation.

there (0-1?) do

The runes are traditionally read as Dado (differently Opitz Dando ), which is understood as a pre-Old High German one-piece male personal name and is already documented for the 2nd century. Gregor von Tours records it for the 6th century for the West Franconian area, extensions exist with forms such as Dadilo and Daþina ( rune primer from Freilaubersheim ).

literature

  • Alfred Bammesberger : On the runic inscription on the Weingarten fibula. In: Historische Sprachforschung 115, 1 (2002), pp. 119–121.
  • Wolfgang Beck : Runisch feha: ​​naming the S-Primer from Weingarten. In: Historische Sprachforschung 114, 2 (2001), pp. 309-318.
  • Martin Findell: The Germanic Diphthongs in the Continental Runic Inscriptions. In: Futhark 3 (2012), pp. 45-58.
  • Wolfgang Haubrichs : Sound shift in Lorraine. On the Old High German integration of pre-Germanic toponyms of the historical linguistic landscape between Saar and Moselle, with five maps and an appendix by Frauke Stein , On the archaeological dating of some continental rune monuments. In: Rolf Bergmann (Ed.): Old High German. Volume II, Words and Names, History of Research. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 1987, pp. 1350-1391.
  • Wolfgang Krause , Herbert Jankuhn : The runic inscriptions in the older Futhark. (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philosophical-Historical Class; Volume 3, No. 65.1 (text), No. 65.2 (tables)). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1966.
  • Tineke Loojinga: Texts & contexts of the oldest Runic inscriptions. (= The Northern World Vol. 4). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2003, ISSN  1569-1462 , ISBN 90-04-12396-2 .
  • Robert Nedoma : Personal names in South Germanic runic inscriptions. Studies on old Germanic onomastics I, 1, 1. (= Indo-European library. 3rd row: Investigations ). Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 978-3-8253-1646-4 .
    • Ders .: Personal names in older runic inscriptions on fibulae. In: NOWELE 62/63 (2011), pp. 31-89.
  • Stephan Opitz: South Germanic runic inscriptions in the older Futhark from the Merovingian period. Kirchzarten, 3rd edition 1987.
  • Ute Schwab : Runes from the Merovingian period as a source for the survival of Christian and non-Christian script magic in late antiquity? In: Klaus Düwel (Ed.): Runic inscriptions as sources of interdisciplinary research. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes Volume 15). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015455-2 , pp. 376-433.
    • This: fa [g] hild and feha. An old English rune name from Rome and an Alemannic rune word from Weingarten. In: Alfred Bammesberger, Gaby Waxenberger (eds.) The fuþark and its individual language developments. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes Volume 51). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2006, ISBN 978-3-11-019008-3 , pp. 233-271.
  • Claudia Theune : Weingarten. In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer (eds.): Reallexikon der Germancischen Altertumskunde Volume 33. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2006, ISBN 978-3-11-018388-7 , pp. 407-411.
  • Norbert Wagner : Alir- and * Alis- in German personal names as well as ahd. Spır-boum. In: Contributions to Name Research NF 29/30 (1994/95), pp. 164–170.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Catalogs:
    KJ = Krause / Jankuhn: The rune inscriptions in the older Futhark.
    N = Nedoma: personal names in South Germanic runic inscriptions.
    O = Opitz: South Germanic runic inscriptions in the older Futhark from the Merovingian period.
  2. ↑ In the area of ​​today's (residential) streets “Efeuweg”, “Fliederstraße”, “Immergrünweg”.
  3. ↑ Martin Findell: Phonological Evidence from the Continental Runic Inscriptions .. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2012, p. 204. Ders. In: Futhark 3 (2012), pp. 48, 50.
  4. ^ Robert Nedoma: Personal names in South Germanic runic inscriptions. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2004, p. 178f.
  5. ↑ Corinna Scheungraber, Friedrich E. Grünzweig: The old Germanic toponyms - as well as ungermanic toponyms of Germania. A guide to their etymology. Fassbaender, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-902575-62-3 , p. 57.
  6. ^ Albrecht Greule : German water names book. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-019039-7 , p. 122ff.
  7. ^ Günter Neumann : Name studies on Old Germanic. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes Volume 59). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-020100-0 , pp. 281f., 403 f.
  8. ↑ Vladimir Orel: A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill, Leiden / Boston 2003, ISBN 90-04-12875-1 , p. 11.
  9. ^ Robert Nedoma: Personal names in South Germanic runic inscriptions. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2004, p. 293.
  10. ↑ AE 1911, 224