Poppy seeds

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Poppy seeds
Seed poppy (Papaver dubium)

Seed poppy ( Papaver dubium )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
Subfamily : Papaveroideae
Genre : Poppy seeds ( papaver )
Type : Poppy seeds
Scientific name
Papaver dubium
L.

The seed poppy ( Papaver dubium ) is a species of the poppy family (Papaveraceae). Contrary to what its name suggests, this therophyte occurs mainly in ruderal places , less often in fields.

description

The seed poppy is an annual plant that usually reaches heights of 30 to 60 (to 100) centimeters. The mostly branched stem is leafy. Stems and leaves are hairy protruding. The leaves are severely divided, hairy, sessile and not encompassing the stalk. The basal leaves are one to two times pinnately lobed to pinnate, the stem leaves are twice pinnate.

The flower stalk is always hairy below the flower. The two sepals fall off, as is usual with all members of the family, after the flower has opened. The four petals are orange-red, pink (rarely purple) or white. They are about as long as they are wide and therefore do not or hardly overlap one another laterally. They are 1 to 3.5 inches long. They may have a black spot on the inside of the bottom. The stamens are not widened towards the tip. The flowering period extends from May to June and usually begins around four weeks before that of the gossip poppy .

As with all poppy species, the fruit is a pore capsule with holes opening at the top . The capsule is glabrous, club-shaped and rolled in shape, gradually narrowing into the stalk. It is 13 to 27 millimeters long, two to four times as long as it is thick. It has raised longitudinal lines. Four to nine scar rays can also be seen on the capsule, which usually do not coincide. The seeds have no appendages.

The seeds are spread by animals, humans or the wind ( epizoochory , hemerochory , or anemochory ).

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28 or 42.

Area and locations

Flower bud
Unfolding flower
Immature capsule
Closely hairy stem below the fruit capsule
Ripe capsules

Its distribution area extends from the subtropical, montane regions of Africa ( Atlas Mountains ) to the meridional-temperate , ocean-toned areas of Europe. In Central Europe the species is long -established as an archaeophyte . The species was introduced to North America.

The seed poppy grows in Central Europe on roadsides, embankments and rubble, in semi- ruderal dry grasslands, mainly on dry, nutrient-rich, mostly lime-poor raw soils of the colline to submontane altitude range . He loves warmth. It occurs mainly in the plant sociological associations Aperion spicae-venti , Caucalidion platycarpi and Sisymbrion . Furthermore, it is a weak characteristic species of plants society of papaveretum argemone (sand poppy field weed-Gesellschaft).

Systematics

Papaver dubium was described by Carl von Linné in 1753 in Species Plantarum . It is divided into the following subspecies :

  • Papaver dubium subsp. dubium ( Syn .: Papaver dubium s. str.), the common seed poppy: It is the most widespread clan in Central Europe. The stamens are bluish. The free flaps of the scar disc do not touch. The fruit capsule is wedge-shaped. The flower buds are almost rhombic to deltoid-shaped in a longitudinal section, slightly pointed at the top and widest down to the middle. The tips of the uppermost stem leaves are oblong to elliptical and 2 to 4 millimeters wide. Milky juice is described differently by different authors. The tips of the basal sheets are 3 to 6 millimeters wide. The bottom fifth of the peduncle has protruding or lying hair. The flower is orange-red, without a dark spot. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 42.
  • Papaver dubium subsp. confine (Jord.) Hörandl , the misunderstood seed poppy: The petals are fresh orange-red, dried wine-red, and without dark spots. The flower bud is broadly elliptical to ovoid to obovate in longitudinal section. The tips of the uppermost stem leaves are narrow, linear and 1 to 2 millimeters wide. The hair on the peduncle is mostly hairy in the bottom fifth (rarely lying close). Milky juice is described differently by different authors. The tips of the largest basal sheets are 3 to 10 millimeters wide. The flower buds are usually widest in the middle. The fruit is usually elongated-ellipsoidal and 1.3 to 3.6 times as long as it is wide. In Austria especially in the Pannonian area in the colline to submontane level. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.
  • Papaver dubium subsp. lecoqii (Lamotte) Syme , the yellow seed poppy: The anthers are yellowish brown. The milky juice immediately turns orange-yellow when exposed to air. The capsule is club-shaped with five to eight scar rays that reach 0.3 to 0.1 millimeters to the edge of the capsule's lid. This clan is rare; it occurs particularly in ruderal places, on fields or in stony fields. It is distributed submeridional-subatlantic. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28 or 42.

In the excursion flora of Austria (2005) another subspecies is distinguished:

  • Papaver dubium subsp. austromoravicum (Kubát) Hörandl , the white or South Moravian seed poppy: The petals are fresh white to pink or purple, on the outside they often have a red-black spot. The flower bud is broadly elliptical to ovoid to obovate in longitudinal section. The tips of the uppermost stem leaves are narrow, linear and 1 to 2 millimeters wide. The largest basal leaves are usually double pinnate. The bottom fifth of the flower stalk is usually hairy lying close to the skin. The milky juice is mostly yellow when fresh, yellow to red when dried. The tips of the largest basal sheets are 2 to 6 millimeters wide. The flower buds are usually widest above to in the middle. The fruit is usually wedge-shaped to cylindrical. This subspecies grows on subruderal dry grass, on forest and shrubbery fringes of the colline altitudes of the Pannonian region , in Austria only in Burgenland, Vienna and Lower Austria. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.

swell

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 7th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1828-7 .
  • Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13th edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 1196 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D1196%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  2. ^ Poppy seeds. In: FloraWeb.de. , Accessed June 25, 2007.
  3. ↑ F. Wolfgang Bomble, Armin Jagel: Papaver - poppy species in North Rhine-Westphalia. Yearbook of the Bochum Botanical Association. Vol. 7, 2016, pp. 237–266 ( PDF 8 MB)
  4. ↑ a b Papaver dubium at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Web links

Commons : Poppy Seeds ( Papaver dubium )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files